Have university knowledge flows narrowed?: Evidence from patent data

The rate of university patenting increased dramatically during the 1980s. Did the manner in which knowledge embedded in university patents was managed change during this period of rapid patenting growth? Using a Herfindahl-type measure of knowledge flow concentration and employing a difference-in-differences estimation to compare university-to-firm patent citations across two time periods, we find that the university diffusion premium (the degree to which university knowledge outflows are more widely distributed than those of firms) declined by more than half during the 1980s. In addition, we find that the university diversity premium (the degree to which knowledge inflows used by universities are drawn from a more widely distributed set of prior art holders than those used by firms) also declined by more than half. However, these changes are mostly limited to a narrow set of technology fields (i.e., biotechnology and pharmaceuticals in the outflows case and sub-fields of electronics in the inflows case). The social welfare implications are ambiguous.     

Organizing links with science: Cooperate or contract?: A project-level analysis

Links with science have been argued to improve the (innovation) performance of firms. Yet we still know comparatively little about the project-level characteristics affecting the organization of such links. Our study, based on a sample of 52 projects carried out by a multinational company in the semiconductor industry, reveals that the knowledge attributes of a project help in predicting how the R&D activities will be organized. In particular, basic projects are likely to be developed through formal cooperative agreements with universities. Such projects also tend to be strategically less important. For strategically more important projects, in contrast, and for those where the knowledge to be developed is particularly novel to the firm, the firm is more likely to resort to formal contracting with a university for a specific component of the R&D project, usually early on in the project.     

Are new technology-based firms located on science parks really more innovative?: Evidence from Taiwan

The establishment of science parks is employed as a vital strategy for developing high-tech industries in many countries. Whether new technology-based firms (NTBFs) located within science parks are, in comparison to their counterparts located outside of science parks, more efficient in terms of R&D investment remains less explored. The purpose of this paper is to compare the R&D productivity of NTBFs located within and outside of science parks by measuring the elasticity of R&D with respect to output. Using panel data for NTBFs located within and outside the Hsinchu Science Industrial Park (HSIP) in Taiwan, our empirical findings show that the elasticity of R&D with respect to outputs of NTBFs located within HSIP is significantly higher than that of other firms. These findings further reveal that NTBFs located in the science park invest more efficiently. Our results also indicate a slight advantage in R&D for firms in the science park, arising from the fact that the science park offers a clustering effect and establishes links among firms and research institutions.     

Does spatial proximity to customers matter for innovative performance?: Evidence from the Dutch software sector

User-producer interactions are often assumed to be an important source of innovation. Spatial proximity between organisations would contribute to such interactive learning processes, because it facilitates face-to-face interactions required to exchange knowledge. However, both assumptions are increasingly debated. Therefore, we have empirically examined this using firm-level data on user-producer interactions of Dutch software firms. Indeed spatial proximity facilitates face-to-face interactions, but it does not strengthen the effect of face-to-face interactions on innovative performance. Moreover, regular interactions and collaboration with customers increase the likelihood that software firms bring new products to the market, but do not improve the firm's innovation output.     

Microbes in mass extinction: an accomplice or a savior?OA

<正>Microbes include various types of organisms that are invisible to the naked eye,e.g. bacteria, archaea and microeukaryotes. Although the precise number remains largely unknown, microbes are recognized as the unseen majority of our biosphere [1]. As a group of organisms classified by body size, microbes cover a considerable spectrum of metabolisms,     

Two for the price of one?: Additionality effects of R&D subsidies: A comparison between Flanders and Germany

We empirically test whether public R&D subsidies crowd out private R&D investment in Flanders and Germany, using firm level data from the Flemish and German part of the Community Innovation Surveys (CIS III and IV). Both the non-parametric matching estimator and the conditional difference-in-differences estimator with repeated cross-sections (CDiDRCS) clearly indicate that the crowding-out hypothesis can be rejected: funded firms are significantly more R&D active than non-funded firms. In the domain of additionality effects of R&D subsidies, this paper is the first to apply the CDiDRCS method.     

Do ‘liberal market economies’ really innovate more radically than ‘coordinated market economies’?: Hall and Soskice reconsidered

In Varieties of Capitalism; The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage, Peter A. Hall and David Soskice (H&S) argue that technological specialization patterns are largely determined by the prevailing “variety of capitalism”. They hypothesize that “liberal market economies” (LMEs) specialize in radical innovation, while “coordinated market economies” (CMEs) focus more on incremental innovation. Mark Zachary Taylor [Taylor, M.Z., 2004. Empirical evidence against varieties of capitalism's theory of technological innovation. International Organization 58, 601-631.] convincingly argued that Hall and Soskice's empirical test is fundamentally flawed and proposed a more appropriate test of their conjecture. He rejected the varieties of capitalism explanation of innovation patterns. We extend and refine Taylor's analysis, using a broader set of radicality indicators and making industry-level comparisons. Our results indicate that Hall and Soskice's conjecture cannot be upheld as a general rule, but that it survives closer scrutiny for a substantial number of industries and an important dimension of radicality.     

What are species and how are they formed?OA

<正>In this issue of NSR,four papers address various aspects of speciation.The fifth one,to appear in the next issue,is on biodiversity and should ultimately be about speciation as well.As has always been the case in speciation research,the conclusion depends on what’species’are.This is true for Wang et al.[1] on post-speciation gene flow,Ma et al.[2] on hybridization speciation,Sun et al.[3] on sympatric speciation and Fan et al.[4]on species diversity.The conclusions would all be quite di...     

Three Gorges Dam: friend or foe of riverine greenhouse gases?OA

Dams are often regarded as greenhouse gas(GHG) emitters. However, our study indicated that the world’s largest dam, the Three Gorges Dam(TGD), has caused significant drops in annual average emissions of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O over 4300 km along the Yangtze River, accompanied by remarkable reductions in the annual export of CO₂(79%), CH₄(50%) and N₂O(9%) to the sea. Since the commencement of its operation in 2003, the TGD has altered the...     

管理会计在企业中的有效应用

管理会计主要侧重于企业内部管理服务,以强化企业内部经营管理,实现最佳经济效益为最终目的,管理会计得到充分的应用将极大地促进了企业管理的改革与发展。本文从管理会计在应用中存在的问题进行分析并提出改进的对策,以使管理会计在企业中更有效的应用。     

航空应急救援能力评价指标权重测算全文替换

航空应急救援能力评价对提高航空应急救援水平具有重要意义,而评价指标的相对重要程度则是保障评价结果准确性的前提。基于改进层次分析法测算航空应急救援能力评价的指标权重,并根据指标权重大小判断其重要性,以期准确、快速地对航空应急救援能力进行分析和评价。     

DRGs付费下公立医院成本精细化管理障碍因子诊断全文替换

以文献研究为基础,征询华中科技大学同济医学院成本控制领域专家,构建DRGs付费下公立医院成本精细化管理障碍因子体系框架,采用Fuzzy-Dematel方法对DRGs付费下公立医院成本精细化管理的障碍因子进行诊断,并针对领导层成本管理观念陈旧、医用耗材过度使用和DRGs病种成本核算简单粗放这3项关键障碍因子,提出相关建议。     

Testing flexible polymer solar cells in near-spaceOA

<正>Since the big success of the Vanguard1 mission,being the first solar-powered satellite,the use of solar cells in space developed very rapidly.Today,conventional solar cell technologies for space are based on silicon and GaAs modules.If significantly higher power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) are required,     

Ecological restoration for sustainable development in ChinaOA

Facing the need for transdisciplinary research to promote ecological restoration that achieves both social and ecological benefits,research on past restoration efforts that have directly or indirectly contributed to regional or national sustainable development warrants reassessment.Using China as an example,in this review,we address three basic research questions that can be summarized as follows:ecological restoration—of what,for whom and to what purpose?Accordingly,a landscape pattern—ecosyste...     

New progress in zeolite synthesis and catalysisOA

The rational design synthesis of zeolite catalysts with effective,environmentally benign and atom-economic routes is a major topic in the field of microporous materials,as it would avoid the high labor cost and inefficiency of traditional trial-and-error methods in developing new structures and dispel environmental concerns regarding the industrial mass production of zeolites.Catalytic applications of zeolite materials have expanded from conventional single functionalities,such as solid acids or...     

Challenges and opportunities in remote sensing-based crop monitoring: a reviewOA

Building a more resilient food system for sustainable development and reducing uncertainty in global food markets both require concurrent and near-real-time and reliable crop information for decision making.Satellite-driven crop monitoring has become a main method to derive crop information at local, regional,and global scales by revealing the spatial and temporal dimensions of crop growth status and production.However, there is a lack of quantitative, objective, and robust methods to ensure the...     

Photodegradable polar-functionalized polyethylenesOA

The degradation of plastics has attracted much attention from the global community.Polyethylenes(PEs),as the most abundant synthetic plastics,are most frequently studied.PE is non-degradable and non-polar because of the sole presence of the pure hydrocarbon components.Concurrent incorporation of both in-chain cleavable and functional groups into the PE chain is an effective pathway to overcome the non-degradable and non-polar issue;however,the method for achieving this pathway remains elusive.He...     

元宇宙赋能高校思想政治教育智慧化研究全文替换

随着现代信息技术和教育的深度融合,教育信息化达到更高级的发展阶段,即智慧教育。智慧教育在当下的兴起是数字时代发展的必然,高校思想政治教育智慧化也是高校思想政治工作的必由之路。作为当前炙手可热的信息技术,元宇宙集成了多种新兴数字技术,可以构建出虚实相生的智慧思政教育环境,思政教师能在虚拟场景和真实场景中进行任意切换,根据不同的教学任务选择合适的场景开展教学活动,青年大学生则可以在各种场景中进行沉浸式体验学习。智慧思政教育环境还可以突破空间限制,缝合家庭、学校和社会三种空间之间的思想裂缝。