退火条件对电沉积制备铜铟镓硒薄膜品质的影响（英文）

目的:退火条件直接影响着电沉积制备的铜铟镓硒薄膜品质,而薄膜品质决定着最终得到器件的转换效率。本实验在不同退火条件下对薄膜进行处理,得出退火条件对薄膜各项表征指标的影响规律,并根据观察到的规律改善退火工艺,以提高铜铟镓硒薄膜品质。创新点:目前利用水溶液电沉积制备的铜铟镓硒薄膜太阳能电池转换效率不高,而退火是制作此电池的关键步骤之一。本文研究了退火温度和升温速率对薄膜品质的影响,分析其可能原因及退火过程发生的反应,并制备出了理想的高品质薄膜。方法:1.在水溶液中利用电沉积法制备出铜铟镓硒薄膜前驱体。2.对前驱体进行退火处理,并针对不同的样品采用不同的退火温度和升温速率。3.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)对薄膜进行表征,分析不同退火条件对结果的影响规律。结论:1.退火温度的影响:退火温度由450°C升高到580°C时,得到的薄膜结晶性越来越好,晶粒边界越来越不明显,Cu/(In+Ga)的比例逐渐升高,说明高温下(≥450°C)金属铟和镓较易挥发;实验中还发现Cu-Se化合物的总含量随退火温度的升高而降低。2.升温速率的影响:退火速率越高,薄膜结晶性越好;快速升温时薄膜中Cu/(In+Ga)的比例略低于慢速升温时的样品,而Ga/(In+Ga)的比例几乎不变,说明快速升温可以减少In和Ga的挥发。     

反应磁控溅射Cu-Al-O薄膜的结构和光电学性质研究

反应磁控溅射方法在玻璃基片上沉积Cu-Al-O薄膜,并对薄膜进行退火处理,研究溅射功率和退火温度对薄膜结构和光电学性质的影响。用X射线衍射仪、分光光度计等仪器对薄膜的性质进行表征,采用拟合正入射透射谱数据计算薄膜的厚度。结果表明：不同溅射功率条件下制备的薄膜为非晶态,透射率在近红外部分达到60%以上,电阻率随溅射功率的增加呈U型变化,在120 W附近,电阻率达到极小值;退火后,薄膜的XRD谱出现Cu4O3、Cu O和Al2O3的混合相,薄膜透射率有所提高,电阻率随退火温度的提高而先增大后减小。     

不同退火条件下Sn掺杂浓度对ZnO薄膜性能影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法提拉镀膜制备Sn掺杂ZnO薄膜,研究了空气退火、高真空退火(10-2Pa)、低真空退火(1 Pa)和循环退火四种条件下Sn掺杂浓度对SZO薄膜光电性能的影响。结果表明:四种退火条件下不同Sn掺杂浓度时制备的SZO薄膜均为纤锌矿结构且具有C轴择优取向生长特性,当Sn掺杂浓度为5 at.%时SZO薄膜的结晶生长最好。高真空退火条件下Sn掺杂浓度为3 at.%时,电学性能最优,其电阻率可达到5.4×10^(-2)Ω·cm。当Sn掺杂浓度小于3 at.%时,薄膜的可见光区平均透过率均大于85%,当掺杂浓度高于3 at.%时,薄膜的透过率随着掺杂浓度的增大而降低。     

金电极的制备和特性研究

采用离子溅射法制备金薄膜,研究了不同厚度金薄膜的光学及电学性能.结果表明:金薄膜透光性随着厚度的增加显著减小,电阻率随着厚度的增加而减小,在薄膜厚度为20 nm时,电阻率小,透光性较高,适合作透明电极.     

金电极的制备和特性研究

采用离子溅射法制备金薄膜,研究了不同厚度金薄膜的光学及电学性能.结果表明:金薄膜透光性随着厚度的增加显著减小,电阻率随着厚度的增加而减小,在薄膜厚度为20 nm时,电阻率小,透光性较高,适合作透明电极.     

载玻片为基底制备钛薄膜的研究

采用磁控溅射法,以普通载玻片为基底,制备了不同厚度的金属钛薄膜,在添加光栅掩模版后,制备了钛薄膜光栅。采用控制变量法,重点研究了不同溅射时间(10 min、15 min、20 min、30 min、40 min、50 min)对金属钛薄膜厚度、透过率、电阻率的影响,并测量了所制备的钛薄膜光栅的光栅常数。结果表明,增加溅射时间,在载玻片表面制备的金属钛薄膜的厚度也呈现出增加的趋势。但金属钛薄膜的透过率和电阻率却呈现现相反的趋势,即随着溅射时间的增加而减小;采用分光光度计测量薄膜光栅的光栅常数为0.168 mm.     

热处理对ATO/Ag/ATO/Cr薄膜电极结构和电性能的影响

利用磁控溅射和湿法刻蚀技术在玻璃基底上制备ATO/Ag/ATO/Cr复合薄膜及其电极,研究不同热处理温度对薄膜电极结构、表面形貌以及电学性能的影响。由于ATO (Sb掺杂SnO2)和Cr的共同保护作用,不仅有效阻挡氧气向电极表面扩散造成Ag的氧化,同时抑制Ag薄膜在高温下的表面凝聚现象,使得薄膜电极在550℃空气退火后,仍然具有较低的电阻率,为23 nΩ·m,且经过600℃的高温处理后依然具有较好的导电性能。因此,选择一定厚度的ATO作为Ag的保护层能显著提高Ag基薄膜电极在热处理过程中的抗氧化性。单项试验结果表明,此厚度30～60 nm为宜。     

退火真空度对Sn-Al共掺杂ZnO薄膜性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶工艺制备出高可见光透过率、低电阻率的Sn-Al共掺杂Zn O透明导电薄膜(ZASO薄膜),分析了退火真空度对薄膜的晶体结构、光电性能的影响。结果表明:真空退火不改变Zn O晶体的本质,但退火真空度对薄膜光电特性有显著影响。退火真空度越高方块电阻越小,在较高真空环境中退火得到的ZASO薄膜方块电阻可低至0.7 kΩ·□-1。高真空退火时,薄膜的透光率较高,可见光平均透过率可达93%左右。     

用离子束增强沉积法制备In-N共掺杂ZnO薄膜

用In2O3粉体与ZnO粉体均匀混合,压制成溅射靶.在Si和SiO2/Si衬底上,用离子束增强沉积(IBED)方法对沉积膜作Ar+/N+注入,制备In-N共掺杂氧化锌薄膜.在氮气氛中作适当的退火,可以方便地获得取向单一、结构致密、性能良好的共掺杂ZnO薄膜.初步研究了INZO共掺杂薄膜的电阻率随退火条件的变化.     

退火温度对SiO_2薄膜微结构和光学特性的影响

采用射频磁控溅射技术用单晶Si(111)和载玻片制备了SiO2薄膜。对薄膜进行了不同温度的退火处理。利用X射线衍射仪,紫外-可见分光光度计和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪等测试不同退火温度下SiO2薄膜的微结构、透反射曲线和红外吸收谱。研究表明:退火后SiO2薄膜仍为四方结构,薄膜的平均晶粒尺寸随退火温度的升高逐渐增大,晶格常数与标准值相比均稍小。退火温度对薄膜平均反射率影响不明显;薄膜平均透射率随退火温度的升高先增大后减小。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

Western and Eastern culture differences in commercial field

The communication of people partially is the communication of cultures. Culture has a direct effect on international commercial activities in all aspects. Different conceptions about time, space, equality, law and the like, lead people to deal with things in different ways. So to know cultures of the counterpart is to facil-itate our enterprises so as to have a smooth and successful communication in commercial activity.     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

风的曲线

Rosco and I wait for the fishermen to return.I sit at a wooden bench near the store at Mt.Baker Resort and watch the clouds change shape. Rosco has my belt around his neck and an eight foot tow chain hooked to a tree. Dogs must be on a leash. Ducks and rabbits are loose.     

团图为数的图中的闭团贯数

Given a graph G,a subgraph C is called a clique of G if C is a complete subgraph of G maximal under inclusion and |C|≥2. A clique-transversal set S of G is a set of vertices of G such that S meets all cliques of G. The clique-transversal number, denoted as TC (G), is the minimum cardinality of a clique-transversal set in G. The clique-graph of G, denoted as K (G), is the graph obtained by taking the cliques of G as vertices, and two vertices are adjacent if and only if the corresponding cliques in G have nonempty intersection. Let F be a class of graphs G such that F={G|K(G) is a tree}. In this paper the graphs in F having independent clique-transversal sets are shown and thus TC (G)/|G|≤1/2 for all G ∈ F.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.