人体器官芯片

人体器官芯片是一门新兴的前沿科学技术,也是一门典型的多学科交叉汇聚技术,对人类健康和生物产业发展具有重要战略意义,吸引了来自政府、科学界和产业界的关注,被2016年达沃斯世界经济论坛列为"十大新兴技术"之一。人体器官芯片指的是一种在载玻片大小芯片上构建的器官生理微系统,包含有活体细胞、组织界面、生物流体和机械力等器官微环境关键要素。它可在体外模拟人体不同组织器官的主要结构功能特征和复杂的器官间联系,用以预测人体对药物或外界不同刺激产生的反应,在生命科学和医学研究、新药研发、个性化医疗、毒性预测和生物防御等领域具有广泛应用前景。文章概述性介绍了人体器官芯片的起源、国际发展态势和研究进展,并对其面临的挑战和未来发展趋势予以展望。     

Location extraction from tweets

Five hundred million tweets are posted daily, making Twitter a major social media platform from which topical information on events can be extracted. These events are represented by three main dimensions: time, location and entity-related information. The focus of this paper is location, which is an essential dimension for geo-spatial applications, either when helping rescue operations during a disaster or when used for contextual recommendations. While the first type of application needs high recall, the second is more precision-oriented. This paper studies the recall/precision trade-off, combining different methods to extract locations. In the context of short posts, applying tools that have been developed for natural language is not sufficient given the nature of tweets which are generally too short to be linguistically correct. Also bearing in mind the high number of posts that need to be handled, we hypothesize that predicting whether a post contains a location or not could make the location extractors more focused and thus more effective. We introduce a model to predict whether a tweet contains a location or not and show that location prediction is a useful pre-processing step for location extraction. We define a number of new tweet features and we conduct an intensive evaluation. Our findings are that (1) combining existing location extraction tools is effective for precision-oriented or recall-oriented results, (2) enriching tweet representation is effective for predicting whether a tweet contains a location or not, (3) words appearing in a geography gazetteer and the occurrence of a preposition just before a proper noun are the two most important features for predicting the occurrence of a location in tweets, and (4) the accuracy of location extraction improves when it is possible to predict that there is a location in a tweet.     

网络经济下的锁定成因及其反锁定策略

网络经济是传统经济的衍生形态，是经济发展的最新阶段。在网络经济中，传统经济理论受到了巨大挑战，网络经济呈现出许多有别于传统的经济规律和经济现象。锁定效应就是凸现于网络经济的一种经济现象。本文首先对锁定现象在网络经济中的凸现原因进行具体分析，并探讨了锁定对市场效率的负面影响，最后针对锁定负效应向消费者提供相应策略。     

Sila-substitution — a useful strategy for drug design?

Sila-substitution (C/Si-exchange) of drugs is one of the approaches currently used in the search for new biologically active organosilicon compounds. Replacement of specific carbon atoms in drugs by silicon results in changes in chemical and physicochemical properties as well as in the structure. As a consequence, the biological properties, such as pharmacological potency and selectivity and toxicity, may be influenced. Systematic sila-substitution seems to be a useful and efficient strategy in drug design and should be regarded as a complementary tool for the development of new drugs.     

Phenotype and target-based chemical biology investigations in cancers

Chemical biology has been attracting a lot of attention because of the key roles of chemical methods and techniques in helping to decipher and manipulate biological systems. Although chemical biology encompasses a broad field, this review will focus on chemical biology aimed at using exogenous chemical probes to interrogate, modify and manipulate biological processes, at the cellular and organismal levels, in a highly controlled and dynamic manner. In this area, many advances have been achieved for cancer biology and therapeutics, from target identification and validation based on active anticancer compounds (forward approaches) to discoveries of anticancer molecules based on some important targets including protein-protein interaction (reverse approaches). Herein we attempt to summarize some recent progresses mainly from China through applying chemical biology approaches to explore molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Additionally, we also outline several new strategies for chemistry to probe cellular activities such as proximity-dependent labeling methods for identifying protein-protein interactions, genetically encoded sensors, and light activating or repressing gene expression system.     

加强医院文化建设 提升医院软实力

在市场经济下,医疗市场的竞争日趋激烈,医院若仅仅依赖医疗技术难以在市场中取胜。先进卓越的文化成为医院可持续发展的动力。建设＂以人为本＂的医院文化,一方面能激励职工凝心聚力、开拓进取;另一方面能为医院树立良好的外部形象,提高医院的经济效益和社会效益。本文将立足当前医疗市场形势,探讨医院文化建设的必要性和有效途径。     

多种教学方法在解热镇痛抗炎药教学中的应用

药理学是一门桥梁学科,是多学科的融合。药品种类繁多、作用机制复杂、理论性强、不易理解、难记忆。本文通过比较法、图片演示法、歌诀法、教学简笔画法等教学方法在解热镇痛抗炎药教学中的应用,阐述灵活掌握教学方法对引导学生主动学习,提高药理学教学质量的重要性。     

基于综合信息模型的太阳活动预测方法*

利用基于地磁活动指标型信息的统计先验类方法预测太阳活动周期峰值,是一种实用、有效的方法,但是利用此方法在对个别太阳活动周期的预测中出现较大误差,特别地,在对目前所处的第23太阳活动周期的预测中,误差超过30%。本文提出了利用多种信息综合预测太阳活动周期峰值的新方法,仿真实验表明,与基于地磁指标型信息的统计先验类方法比较,该新方法具有更好的适应性和稳定性,在对第23太阳活动周期的预测中,平均误差为10%。     

The impact of public basic research on industrial innovation: Evidence from the pharmaceutical industry

While most economists believe that public scientific research fuels industry innovation and economic growth, systematic evidence supporting this relationship is surprisingly limited. In a recent study, Acemoglu and Linn (2004) identified market size as a significant driver of drug innovation in the pharmaceutical industry, but they did not find any evidence supporting science-driven innovation from publicly funded research. This paper uses new data on biomedical research investments by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) to examine the contribution of public research to pharmaceutical innovation. The empirical analysis finds that both market size and NIH funded basic research have economically and statistically significant effects on the entry of new drugs with the contribution of public basic research coming in the earliest stage of pharmaceutical drug discovery. The analysis also finds a positive return to public investment in basic biomedical research.     

初中数学诊断式教学创新模式的研究

数学课程是初中教育的必修课,能够提升学生的逻辑思维,加强学生解决问题的能力。在教学过程中,学生会出现大量的问题,对部分学生来说数学是一门具有挑战性的学科。本文介绍了一种新的数学教学模式---诊断式,详细阐述了初中数学诊断教学模式方法、措施以及产生的效果等。     

Archaeosome: As New Drug Carrier for Delivery of Paclitaxel to Breast Cancer

In the present study, paclitaxel was archaeosomed to reduce side effects and improve its therapeutic index. Carriers have made a big evolution in treatment of many diseases in recent years. Lipid carriers are of special importance among carriers. Archaeosome is one of the lipid carriers. Paclitaxel is one of the drugs used to treat breast cancer which has some unwanted side effects despite its therapeutic effects. Archaeosomes were extracted from methanogenic archi bacteria and synthesized with a certain ratio of paclitaxel in PBS. The mean diameter of archaeosomal paclitaxel was measured by Zeta sizer instrument, Drug releasing of archaeosomal paclitaxel was examined within 26 h which results showed that the most drug releasing occurs during first 3 h. The cytotoxicity effect of archaeosomal paclitaxel on breast cancer’s cell line was evaluated by MTT assay which results showed that the cytotoxicity effect of archaeosomal paclitaxel on breast cancer’s cell line is more than that of the standard paclitaxel formulation. The results indicated that new drug delivery of paclitaxel using archaeosome, increases the therapeutic index of the drug.     

A study of the interaction between ropranolol and NSAIDs in protein binding by gel filtration method

Drug protein binding phenomena can lead to some interesting drug—drug interactions when one drug displaces another in the binding site. Studies of protein binding are conducted by several methods including equilibrium dialysis, ultra-filtration and chromatographic methods. Gel filtration is a simple chromatographic method in protein binding studies. Propranolol binds to plasma proteins by 90%–95% in circulation system and other drugs with high protein binding may displace it. In this study protein binding of propranolol has been studied using gel filtration to Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) alone and in the presence of Acetyl salicylic acid (ASA), Indomethacin and mefenamic acid has been studied using gel filtration method. The results indicated that ASA decreased protein binding of propranolol by 20% to BSA and other drugs did not displace propranolol from the binding site. Therefore, ASA may alter pharmacological effects of propranolol.     

虚拟化合物的可专利性研究

先导化合物是现代新药研发的出发点,发现和寻找先导化合物有多种多样的途径和方法。虚拟化合物是一种基于受体结构的三维信息,采用计算机辅助药物设计技术设计出的能与受体特异性结合的先导化合物。是否保护专利化合物的虚拟形式使用和由此产生的虚拟化合物是决定这一全新药物设计方法广泛普及和向前发展的关键所在。     

谈药品商品名的保护与“在先权利”的关系——从一个案例谈起

根据我国药品管理的有关规定,使用药品名称必须得到国家药监部门的批准,药品名称包括药品的通用名称和药品商品名。我国《药品管理法》与《商标法》都明确规定,药品的通用名称不能作为商标注册,但以药品商品名申请注册商标,不在禁止之列,甚至得到国家药监部门的支持。     

财政货币政策联动对新能源汽车消费的影响研究

通过定量分析探究财政货币政策联动对我国新能源汽车消费的影响,结果发现,财政支持政策、货币支持政策对新能源汽车消费扩张均具有显著的积极效果,然而市场化因素对我国新能源汽车消费的影响却不十分显著。由此认为,扶持新能源汽车等战略性新兴产业,不仅需要财政政策与货币政策联动,而且还需要中央政府与地方政府联动;既需要市场与政策双向驱动,又需要在供给侧和消费侧同时发力,并以此提出简要政策建议。     

基于CKLS模型的银行间与上交所债券市场国债回购利率行为的比较分析

本文以银行间债券市场和上交所债券市场国债回购利率的行为为研究对象，利用广义矩估计方法分别估计两个市场的回购利率的CKLS模型。根据模型的经济含义发现。上交所市场的回购利率的长期均衡水平高于银行间市场约17个基点。其均值回复速度明显大于银行间市场。相比之下，银行间市场回购利率的波动对利率水平的高低更敏感。同时，实证分析结果显示，CKLS模型预测银行间市场回购利率变化的能力很弱，但对交易所市场回购利率的变化具有一定的预测能力。在两个市场中，CKLS模型均无法预测实际利率变化的波动情况。     

EMBASE数据库及其检索利用

EMBASE是Elservier公司推出的一个新产品，是全球最大最具权威性的生物医学与药理学文献数据库，覆盖各种疾病和药物信息，如药物研究、药理学、配药学、药荆学、药物副作用等。记立主要介绍EMBASE网络数据库检索系统，并就该系统的特点、检索途径与方法及检索结果的处理等进行探讨。     

Choronic effects of Lamotrigine on liver function in adult male rats

A number of newly developed antiepileptic drugs are currently in use, among them Lamotrigine (LTG) is more common. Despite the extensive use of this drug, it has not been possible to predict the side effects especially the hepatotoxic reactions after long-term treatment. The present study was designed to find out alterations in the activities of liver enzymes after chronic exposure of rats to different dose of LTG. Adults male (Wistar) rats were treated orally with LTG [5 mg/kg body weight or 25 mg/kg body wt.] for 60 days. After the experimental period, auto analyzer carried out liver function tests. The liver histopathology was obtained after scarifying the rats. There was a significant increase in the level of ALP, AST, ALT and bilirubin at therapeutic dose of LTG. The increase level of these enzymes and bilirubin at toxic dose were much higher and significant. However, the total protein and albumin significantly decreased at toxic dose of LTG. Elevation of liver enzymes and bilirubin after chronic exposure of rats to high dose of LTG reflects hepatocellular damage that may lead to hepatitis. It is concluded that regular liver function and drug monitoring should follow the treatment with LTG.