Being and Becoming: teachers’ perceptions of sex‐roles and actions toward their male and female pupils

The article discusses the changes to sex‐roles which teachers perceived to have occurred during the past decade or so, and how such perceptions affected themselves and their teaching of male and female pupils. The research took place in two primary schools in Victoria, Australia and comprised of interviews and observation methods. The results demonstrated that there were differences between male and female teachers’ perceptions of sex‐role changes and also the age of teachers affected their interpretation of female pupils’ behaviour. Female teachers were found to have an ambiguity of self‐concept in terms of their understanding of women's roles as both mothers and teachers. Several examples of teachers’ comments and interactions with their pupils are discussed and interpreted within an interactionist framework.     

性别角色与人格维度的相关研究综述

由于男性和女性通常会根据社会针对不同性别建立的价值观和行为标准来塑造自己的人格特质,所以性别角色对人格特征的分化起到重要作用。本文通过对性别角色起源与发展的介绍以及近年来性别角色与人格维度方面相关研究的简要述评,以期望深入的了解性别角色与人格发展的社会意义。     

Perceptions of Sex Roles: The Influences of Client Gender and Student-Counselor Attitudes

The author asked student counselors to predict sex-role behaviors of a hypothetical female or male client experiencing academic and personal difficulties. In general, student-counselor attitudes (liberal or moderate) toward sex roles influenced their predictions of client behavior in work and education roles but not in family roles. The sex of the client also influenced their judgements. The author discusses the implications of these findings for future research and for training programs to reduce sex bias in counseling.     

The Upbringing of Girls in Turkey

Although the topic "the upbringing of girls" is one that crosses cultural boundaries, socialization into specific sex roles, nonetheless, varies quite widely from culture to culture. The decision to deal with the topic of girls' upbringing in the context of the Turkish folksong results from the fact that there is almost no literature on girls' upbringing in Turkey, while on the other hand there are folksongs which are sung and played frequently. The contents of these songs show a definite concern with sex roles, as well as the types of relations desired between the sexes. It is a generally known fact that, in the tradition-bound society of Turkey, girls are prepared not merely for their later roles as women, but also specifically for their roles in marriage and the family. The question is to what extent the topic of girls' and women's roles are touched upon in folksongs, and with what potential for any development. The notions, feelings, and wishes communicated in the texts of folksongs portray women and girls as as they are seen by the broad population throughout the country and reveal how this picture is conveyed from adults to children.     

海勒笔下的女性

约瑟夫.海勒的小说从男性视角出发,遮蔽了女性的情感世界、自我主体;把女性塑造成低于男性的“第二性”、“他者”、“另类”,要么是自然“性”征的符号,要么是欲望的化身,要么是死亡的象征,处于边缘和弱势地位。女性作为一种意象,指代肮脏的、可怕的、疯狂的异己力量,它与荒诞的社会合谋,共同构成对男性安全感的威胁。海勒通过对女性角色的设置,进一步强化小说主题,但是文本叙述方式呈现出的贬损、消极、厌恶的基调隐含了其鲜明的男性主义立场和性别歧视倾向。     

Parents and sex education—looking beyond ‘the birds and the bees’

The social and political climate of sex education over the last two decades has dramatically changed, with parents now being encouraged to work in partnership with professionals. This paper seeks to further the argument that involving parents in their child's sex education does matter and can have an impact on their child's future sexual health. It discusses the reality of parents' roles and skills in providing sex education within the family. In particular, the discussion explores myths parents associate with sex education, involving fathers in provision, siblings as peer educators, health professionals' attitudes towards involving parents, and school partnerships. The author calls for professionals to involve parents alongside other sources of sex education in health and educational strategies to address sexual health issues and improve sex education. Otherwise future generations of children will experience a closed cultural attitude towards sexual matters and we will not achieve lower teenage pregnancy rates or view sex education positively.     

关于性别角色认同研究的深层思考

在性别角色认同研究中存在不同的研究模式，研究模式的差异导致研究结果之间的分歧。因此，有必要从概念界定、研究工具和对象的选择及影响因素等几个方面明确性别角色认同研究的理论机制，以对该领域研究进行科学规范。     

性别角色教育的校本课程开发初探

当前,愈演愈烈的青少年性别角色模糊化现象,使得校本课程开发将性别角色教育纳入视野具有较大的必要性。学校中固有的性别角色刻板印象、教材中的性别偏见、教师性别比例结构失调等因素,均不利于学生的性别角色发展。作为同一性认同危机的青少年的性别角色模糊化现象,需要学校教育不断进行理念上的更新,并根据学生的不同年龄阶段特征,结合校本课程的要素(目标、内容、实施、评价四个方面)进行性别角色教育校本课程的全方位开发,从而实现青少年性别角色发展的正常社会化。     

黑斑蛙Sox基因的PCR-SSCP分析

Sox基因家族是一类高度保守的基因家族,具有一个保守基序HMG-box,可以与DNA序列特异性结合,促进基因的特异转录,从而在胚胎发育及性别分化中起着重要作用。本文采用简并PCR方法,扩增并克隆了黑斑蛙的Sox基因保守区,获得长约220bp的片段;结合SSCP分析技术,在阳性克隆中筛选出六个不同的Sox基因。本研究为Sox家族成员的分类及分子进化的研究提供了资料。     

PREDICTORS OF OVERALL PERFORMANCE IN A B.Ed. COURSE AND IN EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY

The study Investigated the association between entry qualifications to a BEd course, performance in educational psychology and overall BEd performance. The roles of main area specialisation and sex differences In performance In educational psychology were also investigated. The academic records of 313 students from six year‐groups constituted the data set for the study. Results showed that performance in educational psychology was an efficient predictor of overall performance in the BEd course. Students who specialised in mathematics/science subjects performed better as a group in educational psychology than students in other main areas of specialisation. Also, significant sex differences in performance in educational psychology were observed in some of the year‐groups, with female students out‐performing their male colleagues.     

Teacher Ideology and Sex Roles in Curriculum Texts

This paper explores the relationship between teachers’ general beliefs about sexism in society with their views on sexism in curriculum materials. In so doing, it seeks to elaborate on the nature of teachers’ ideological perceptions of sexism, sex roles and feminism. By analysing sex stereotyping in the school texts of one secondary school for the subjects English, mathematics and French, the research reported in the paper substantiates much of the previous research in this area which has found school texts to be male dominated. In conclusion, the paper suggests that, in certain cases, teacher ideology could be a considerable obstacle to the development of anti‐sexist pedagogies because those teachers who support traditional sex roles tend to resist or devalue anti‐sexist initiatives in education.     

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Applying concepts of Hugh Dalziel Duncan and Kenneth Burke to the rhetoric of Erik H. Erikson reveals that Erikson's thesis supports a social hierarchy that is based upon sex roles and supported by the mysteries of sex and science.     

An Investigation of Parental Protectiveness of Young Children Travelling to School

Teachers in school are expected to provide similar experience for both girls and boys. Parents however, by their behaviour, may not be facilitating this. It has been suggested that sex roles are changing with the advent of the feminist movement. In an attempt to examine actual behaviour towards young girls and boys, children from 27 infant schools were observed attending and leaving school. It was predicted that parental behaviour would reflect traditional sex‐role attitudes by accompanying female children more than male. This was supported. It was observed that, in total, few children travelled unaccompanied.     

Gender identity, sex typing of occupations, and gender role ideology among adolescents: Are they related?

The study examined the impact of gender identity ongender role ideology and occupational sex typing among166 Israeli adolescents. The findings indicate thatgender identity affects occupational sex-typing.Specifically, androgynous respondents provided moreliberal evaluations of feminine-typed occupations thandid the undifferentiated group.Regarding gender role ideology, gender identity wasonly found to have an impact among the malerespondents. Specifically, sex-typed andundifferentiated males expressed more traditionalevaluations of feminine-typed roles than did theandrogynous and cross-sex-typed respondents. Inaddition, an effect was found for gender regardless ofgender identity, i.e., the females expressed lesssex-typed evaluations of occupations and lesstraditional perspectives of gender roles than did themales.     

本科生与研究生婚恋观的特点研究

采用苏红编制的大学生婚恋观问卷,对304名本科生和研究生婚恋观的特点及其差异进行测量。研究结果发现,本科生和研究生在婚恋观的性爱抉择维度上、恋爱动机维度上以及婚姻自主维度上,存在显著的性别差异;在性爱抉择维度和婚姻角色维度上,存在显著的恋爱状态差异;在性爱抉择维度和婚姻忠诚维度上,本科生和研究生存在显著差异。由此可以得出如下结论：性别、恋爱状态等因素影响本科生和研究生的婚恋观;相比男生,女生在性爱抉择上更保守,恋爱动机更清晰,但婚姻自主度较低;相比曾经恋爱过的群体,正在恋爱的群体在性爱抉择上更传统,在婚姻角色上更加开放;相比研究生,本科生在性爱抉择上更保守,对婚姻的认识上也更忠诚。     

Adolescent sexual risk behaviors and school‐based sexually transmitted infection/HIV prevention

Many adolescents are susceptible to negative outcomes associated with sexual behavior. This is particularly true for those who initiate sexual intercourse at an early age, have many sex partners, or engage in unprotected sex because these behaviors put one at risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV. This article reviews the various demographic, social‐contextual, and intrapersonal factors linked to sexual risk behaviors. Successful STI/HIV prevention programs must consider developmental and gender issues, as well as cultural norms and values, to effectively meet the prevention needs of all adolescents. We discuss the characteristics of effective intervention programs and provide the names and key features of empirically validated, school‐based STI/HIV prevention programs. In addition, we recommend specific roles for school psychologists in STI/HIV prevention efforts. Finally, other resources are provided to assist practitioners in their continuing review of STI/HIV prevention education. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Combating sexism in the preschool environment

Gifted Children need to know, and at a very young age, that sex roles have no bearing on excellence.     

Variables that predict desire for work with special education adolescents

The target group was composed of professionals with a variety of psychology- and education-related roles. A set of variables was identified that could capture 75% of the variance associated with desire for work with special need adolescents. The variable set included participant perceptions of quality of special education training, as well as self-evaluation of personal characteristics such as sex, age, and attitudes toward special need adolescents.     

Government and Nongovernmental Organizations Working Together in Gender Education

The promotion of sex/gender equity education in Taiwan was initiated by a women's movement group, the Awakening Foundation in the late 1980s. In 1997, it became a policy in education. The passage of the Gender Equity Education Act in 2004 was a major milestone. At present, although gender equity education has been essentially institutionalized, the challenges and obstacles are still many and, therefore, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) must continue their work. This article introduces two central government committees and four NGOs closely related to the issue, to provide an overview and assessment of their functions and roles, as well as the relationships between them.     

Occupational roles are sex-typed by six- to ten-year-old children

Defferences in children's acceptance of occupational roles which are traditionally sex-typed by society were explored for a sample of 270 elementary school children (90 at each of the age levels of 6, 8, and 10 years). The degree of sex typing was high among all subjects. Children at each age level viewed occupational roles for both men and women similarly to the traditional sex-typed role views.