Stabilizing region of PDμ controller for fractional order system with general interval uncertainties and an interval delay

This paper concentrates on computing the stabilizing region of PD^μ controller for fractional order system with general interval uncertainties and an interval delay. The stabilizing region means the complete/approximate set of PD^μ controllers that stabilize the given closed-loop control system. General interval uncertainties refer to both coefficients and orders of the fractional system suffer from interval uncertainties. Interval delay indicates that the delay also vary in a specified interval.Firstly, a method is presented to calculate the stabilizing region for general interval fractional system with an interval time-constant delay. Based on a novel mapping function and the concept of critical controller parameters, the stabilizing region can be determined numerically. Secondly, the stabilizing region computation problem for general interval fractional system with an interval time-varyingdelay is considered. By applying a revised small-gain theorem, the stabilizing region can be calculated like the time-constant delay case. Thirdly, two alternative methods are proposed to improve the computational efficiency of stabilizing region calculation. Both methods can reduce the number of polynomials which are used to determine the stabilizing region. Examples are followed to illustrate the proposed results.     

Replacing points by compacta in neural network approximation

It is shown that cartesian product and pointwise-sum with a fixed compact set preserve various approximation-theoretic properties. Results for pointwise-sum are proved for F-spaces and so hold for any normed linear space, while the other results hold in general metric spaces. Applications are given to approximation of L_p-functions on the d-dimensional cube, 1?p<∞, by linear combinations of half-space characteristic functions; i.e., by Heaviside perceptron networks.     

Thoriated tungsten filaments

The rate of evaporation of electrons, ν_e, from a thoriated tungsten filament depends on the temperature T and on θ, the fraction of the surface covered by thorium atoms. The relation of ν_e to θ and T has been given by Brattain and Becker. From ν_e the change in contact potential V of the filament surface produced by the adsorbed thorium can be calculated by the Boltzmann equation. Knowing σ the number of thorium atoms per cm.³, the dipole moment M of each is given by V = 2τσM. By an equation already used for Cs films on tungsten, the 2-dimensional equation of state of the adsorbed film can be calculated from M. Then by Gibbs' adsorption equation the relation of the atom evaporation rate ν_a to θ and T can be determined. It is thus calculated that in the range from θ = 0.2 to θ = 0.6, ν_a varies in proportion to ?^Hθ where H = 8.1 in good agreement with the value H = 7.8 given by Brattain and Becker's measurements. A recalculation of the data of numerous experiments in 1921–1923, using the new relations of ν_e to θ₁ gives data on ν_a as a function of T and θ in good agreement with the values of ν_a calculated from ν_e.The diffusion coefficients of Th through tungsten crystals, along grain boundaries and over the free filament surface, are calculated. A theory is given for the cause of the variation in the surface diffusion coefficient with σ. The probable mechanism of the production of the metallic thorium within the filament is discussed. At 2400° the thorium which arrives at the surface along grain boundaries, for some unknown reason, does not spread out over the surface as it does at lower temperatures (1900–2100°).     

Stable denominators for the simplification of z-Transfer Functions

A well-known discrete stability test is used to derive from the denominator D(z) of a given stable high-order transfer function G(z), the denominator of a low-order approximant of G(z). The proposed method, based on the truncation and inversion of a continued fraction formed with the coefficients of D(z), yields a reduced denominator d(z) of degree, say m, which is always stable. Furthermore, depending on the neglected parts of the continued fraction, d(z) approximates m₁ and m₂ = m−m₁ zeros of D(z), located very near the points z=1 and z=-1, respectively. In the special case m₁=m, d(z) is identical to the polynomial obtained by applying to D(z) the indirect technique, which combines the bilinear transformation with the Routh or the Schwarz approximation method.     

Analysis of sampled-data control systems by the stability-equation method

This paper presents a new method to convert a characteristic equation from the z-domain to the w-domain, which is best suitable for the stability-equation method. Stability criteria applicable to sampled-data control systems with characteristic equations having both real and complex coefficients are presented. Illustrative examples are given, and a high order proportional navigation system is considered.     

Optimal tensegrity structures in bending: The discrete Michell truss

This paper provides the closed form analytical solution to the problem of minimizing the material volume required to support a given set of bending loads with a given number of discrete structural members, subject to material yield constraints. The solution is expressed in terms of two variables, the aspect ratio, ρ^-1, and complexity of the structure, q (the total number of members of the structure is equal to q(q+1)). The minimal material volume (normalized) is also given in closed form by a simple function of ρ and q, namely, V=q(ρ^-1/q-ρ^1/q). The forces for this nonlinear problem are shown to satisfy a linear recursive equation, from node-to-node of the structure. All member lengths are specified by a linear recursive equation, dependent only on the initial conditions involving a user specified length of the structure. The final optimal design is a class 2 tensegrity structure. Our results generate the 1904 results of Michell in the special case when the selected complexity q approaches infinity. Providing the optimum in terms of a given complexity has the obvious advantage of relating complexity q to other criteria, such as costs, fabrication issues, and control. If the structure is manufactured with perfect joints (no glue, welding material, etc.), the minimal mass complexity is infinite. But in the presence of any joint mass, the optimal structural complexity is finite, and indeed quite small. Hence, only simple structures (low complexity q) are needed for practical design.     

The pth moment boundedness of stochastic functional differential equations with Markovian switching

This paper gives some Razumikhin-type theorems on pth moment boundedness of stochastic functional differential equations with Markovian switching (SFDEwMS) by using Razumikhin technique and comparison principle. Some improved conditions on pth moment stability are also proposed. The main results of this paper allow the estimated upper bound of the diffusion operator associated with the underlying SFDEwMS of the Lyapunov function to have time-varying coefficients (the coefficients may even be sign-changing functions). Examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed results.     

Reliability Measures and Optimal Maintenance Policies for a Standby System with Repair Facilities Subject to Breakdown

The problem of determining optimal maintenance policies for a repairable standby system whose repair facilities are subject to random breakdowns is considered. The reliability measures of this system are derived by the discrete-state continuous-time Markov model, as well as by a more general probabilistic approach. The dynamic optimization problem is discussed and treated by a generalized version of Pontryagin's minimum principle based on an integral Hamiltonian functional. This is applied to the Markov model of the system for deriving both time-variable and fixed maintenance policies over the whole mission time. Then an appropriate cost function, involving a maintenance cost term and a down-time cost term, is minimized with respect to the vector repair rate function u(t) subject to the practical constraint 0 ⩽ u(t) ⩽ U, where U is a given upper repair rate limit. A particular nontrivial example is given.     

Razumikhin-type theorems on pth moment boundedness of neutral stochastic functional differential equations with Makovian switching

This paper investigates pth moment boundedness of neutral stochastic functional differential equations with Markovian switching (NSFDEsMS) based on Razumikhin technique and comparison principle. And pth moment stability is examined as a special case. Since the stochastic disturbances and neutral delays are incorporated, the considered system becomes more complex. Besides, the coefficients of the estimated upper bound for the diffusion operation associated with the underlying NSFDEsMS also may be chosen to be sign-changing functions instead of constant functions or negative definite functions, as a result, our results can work in general non-autonomous neutral stochastic systems. Finally, two examples are provided to show the effects of the proposed methods.     

Rational approximation of three-dimensional digital filters

Two techniques are developed for approximating a given three-dimensional (3-D) digital filter by a 3-D rational function. The one is by a general 3-D rational function and the other by a 3-D rational function which is separable in the denominator. Each technique relies on the use of mixed first and second information, in the form of a finite portion of the impulse response and its autocorrelation sequence. The approximation is performed by solving a set of linear equations. The separable-denominator approximation is more advantageous due to the guaranteed stability and reduced amount of calculations.     

Lr-synchronization and adaptive synchronization of a class of chaotic Lurie systems under perturbations

The synchronous control of a class of disturbed chaotic Lurie systems is probed in. The conception of L_r-synchronization of drive-respond systems is presented. Via Lyapunov function analysis and comparison principle, L_r synchronous controller of the drive-respond systems under perturbation is given and its robustness is also discussed. Barbalat lemma is further used to derive the adaptively synchronous controller for the unknown disturbance situation and the globally asymptotical synchronization is realized. All designed controllers are verified by the simulations and the given controllers are linear, which are convenient and can produce rapid convergence speed of the error systems.     

Modified Realization Technique for Digital Filters Derived from Analog Counterparts

A simple realization scheme for one-dimensional and two-dimensional recursive digital filters derived from analog reference transfer functions is presented. The method is based on proper predistortion of the analog transfer function to obtain a new Hurwitz polynomial. Analog-to-digital transformations, such as the bilinear transformation, are then applied to the resulting predistorted reference transfer function to obtain the discrete version of the system. It is shown that a proper choice of the predistorting function will yield digital realizations which are free of the delay-free loops and in most cases are near minimal. To illustrate the simplicity and efficiency of the technique, examples of 1-D and 2-D cases are worked out. The proposed scheme can readily be extended to include the multi-dimensional case.     

On numerical solutions for hyperbolic–parabolic equations with the multipoint nonlocal boundary condition

A numerical method is proposed for solving multi-dimensional hyperbolic–parabolic differential equations with the nonlocal boundary condition in t and Dirichlet and Neumann conditions in space variables. The first and second order of accuracy difference schemes are presented. The stability estimates for the solution and its first and second orders difference derivatives are established. A procedure of modified Gauss elimination method is used for solving these difference schemes in the case of a one-dimensional hyperbolic–parabolic differential equations with variable coefficients in x and two-dimensional hyperbolic–parabolic equation.     

pth Moment exponential stability of impulsive stochastic functional differential equations with Markovian switching

In this paper, the pth moment exponential stability for a class of impulsive stochastic functional differential equations with Markovian switching is investigated. Based on the Lyapunov function, Dynkin formula and Razumikhin technique with stochastic version as well as stochastic analysis theory, many new sufficient conditions are derived to ensure the pth moment exponential stability of the trivial solution. The obtained results show that stochastic functional differential equations with/without Markovian switching may be pth moment exponentially stabilized by impulses. Moreover, our results generalize and improve some results obtained in the literature. Finally, a numerical example and its simulations are given to illustrate the theoretical results.     

Theory of nonlinear systems

This paper gives a general review of the Theory of Nonlinear Systems. In 1960, the author presented a paper “Theory of Nonlinear Control” at the First IFAC Congress at Moscow. Professor Norbert Wiener, who attended this Congress, drew attention to his work on the synthesis and analysis of nonlinear systems in terms of Hermitian polynomials in the Laguerre coefficients of the past of the input.Wiener's original idea was to use white noise as a probe on any nonlinear system. Applying this input to a Laguerre network gives u₁, u₂,…, u_s, and then to a Hermite polynomial generator gives V(α)'s. Applying the same input to the actual nonlinear system gives output c(t). Putting c(t) and V(α)'s through a product averaging device, we get $\text{c(t)V(α)}\text{=}\text{A}{}_{\mathrm{\alpha }}\text{2л}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>s</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}$, where the upper bar denotes time average and A_α's can be considered as characteristic coefficients of the nonlinear system. A desired output z(itt) may replace c(itt) to get a new set of A_α's.The Volterra functional method suggested by Wiener in 1942 has been greatlydeveloped from 1955 to the present. The method involves a multi-dimensional convolution integral with multi- dimensional kernels. The associated multi-dimensional transforms are given by Y.H. Ku and A.A. Wolf (J. Franklin Inst., Vol. 281, pp. 9–26, 1966). Wiener extended the Volterra functionals by forming an orthogonal set of functionals known as G-functionals, using Gaussian white noise as input. Volterra kernels and Wiener kernels can be correlated and form the characteristic functions of nonlinear systems.From an extension of the linear system to the nonlinear system, the input-output crosscorrelation φ_xy can be shown to be equal to the convolution of system impulse response h₁ with the autocorrelation φ_xx. Using the white noise as input, where its power density spectrum is a constant, say, A, the crosscorrelation is given by φ_xy(σ) = Ah₁(σ), while the autocorrelation is φ_xx(τ) = Au(τ). This extension forms the basis of an optimum method for nonlinear system identification. Measurement of kernels can be made through proper circuitry.Parallel to the Volterra series and the Wiener series, another series based on Taylor-Cauchy transforms developed since 1959 are given for comparison. The Taylor-Cauchy transform method can be applied in the analysis of simultaneous nonlinear systems. It is noted that the Volterra functional method and the Taylor-Cauchy transform method give identical final results.A selected Bibliography is appended not only to include other aspects of nonlinear system theory but also to show the wide application of nonlinear system characterization and identification to problems in biology, ecology, physiology, cybernetics, control theory, socio- economic systems, etc.     

Stability and L2-gain analysis for switched neutral systems with mixed time-varying delays

This paper considers the stability and L₂-gain for a class of switched neutral systems with time-varying discrete and neutral delays. Some new delay-dependent sufficient conditions for exponential stability and weighted L₂-gain are developed for a class of switching signals with average dwell time. These conditions are formulated in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) and are derived by employing free weighting matrices method. As a special case of such switching signals, we can obtain exponential stability and normal L₂-gain under arbitrary switching signals. Finally, two numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.     

Hybrid Analysis of a Large-scale Network by Node-tearing

A new hybrid analysis technique for large-scale networks by node-tearing is presented. The interconnection function matrix is defined and the formulation for computing the transfer function matrix W, the general return difference matrix F_K(X) and the general null return difference matrix F̂_K(X) of a large-scale network is given. In the overall computational process, all the hybrid port parameters are derived from the indefinite-admittance matrix and/or the indefinite-impedance matrix of the component subnetworks.     

An improved method for computing Hankel transform

The purpose of this paper is to compute the Hankel transform F_n(y) of order n of a function f(x) and its inverse transform using rationalized Haar wavelets. The integrand is replaced by its wavelet decomposition. Thus representing F_n(y) as a Fourier-Bessel series with coefficients depending strongly on the local behavior of the function , thereby getting an efficient algorithm for their numerical evaluation. Numerical evaluations of test functions with known analytical Hankel transforms illustrate the proposed algorithm.