关于我国过度教育现象的经济学思考

过度教育在我国已经出现,对经济社会发展弊多利少,究其本质而言是一种市场供给和需求的非均衡状态,探究过度教育的成因和寻找修正过度教育的对策都需要从这样一个经济学视角来着手。     

Overeducation on the Belgian labour market: evaluation and analysis of the explanatory factors through two types of approaches

This paper examines the incidence and determinants of overeducation in the Belgian private sector. Two different approaches are used to define overeducation by means of data on characteristics of employees and employers. Using the 1995 Structure of Earnings Survey, between 22% and 24% of the workforce is found to be overeducated. Results support the idea that employers view labour market experience as a substitute for formal education. They also show that male workers and people employed in state‐owned firms are less affected by overeducation. Further results suggest that the size of the establishment has a very weak (negative) impact on overeducation.     

OVEREDUCATION IN GREECE

While much has been written lately on overeducation, little is known about the effect of socioeconomic background on the incidence of overeducation and its impact on earnings. In this paper, the question of socioeconomic background is taken up and estimates of the incidence and labor market impacts of overeducation are examined with data from Greece. It is estimated that 16 percent of the university educated labor force is overeducated, varying considerably by discipline. The proportion of those overeducated from the lower classes is high (54 percent), although this varies by specialization. Overall, there is a 10 percent "penalty" in earnings associated with being overeducated for a university graduate. The negative and statistically significant effect of overeducation affects those faculties that are more general and do not correspond to particular occupations. Overeducated workers are younger than those properly matched, and more likely to work in the private sector. This suggests that overeducation is a phenomenon that affects workers as they make their way through the labor market. It may also mean that overeducation is a new phenomenon, brought about by the oversupply of graduates. Frustrated graduates are forced to take jobs in inappropriate fields. And as public sector employment decreases in size and the numbers of university graduates increase, private sector employment will necessarily increase for graduates. The question then is whether the private sector can provide jobs that are appropriate to the qualifications of university graduates.     

Overeducation in the labor market: a comment and re-analysis of a meta-analysis

Groot and Maassen van den Brink (International Journal of Manpower 21, 584, 2000a) provide a useful summary of the incidence of overeducation and undereducation. Unfortunately, by combining non-compatible estimates of the impact of surplus schooling (and under schooling) on earnings they potentially bias their estimates downward (upward). This paper bypasses this potential bias by examining only wage estimates that use the “standard” required-surplus-deficit education model of Duncan and Hoffman (1981). The paper also expands the meta-analysis by including approximately 50 additional wage estimates. On average, the literature finds that the premium paid for overeducation is approximately equal to the penalty for undereducation, but lower than the returns associated with an increase in required education. Overeducated individuals earn more than their properly educated co-workers, but less than others with their level of schooling. The paper also examines how different definitions of required education impact the returns from overeducation and undereducation.     

The impact of overeducation on earnings in China

The paper estimates the returns to overeducation by the Over-Required and Undereducation (ORU) model. The estimated results indicate that the returns to overeducation are positive, but lower than the returns to required education, which suggests that while overeducated employees’ earnings are diminished, they still can benefit from it. The paper also attempts to estimate the returns to overeducation by occupations, industries and regions. The result shows that in the field where educational level has much to do with the skills required by employers, education-job match has a greater effect on one’s earnings, such as professionals and skilled persons. On the contrary, education-job mismatch has little effect on one’s earnings, such as non-skilled employees, administrative and clerical employees. In addition, the returns to overeducation are lower or insignificant for those working in competitive but lower paid industries and areas. Conversely, the returns to overeducation are higher for those working in the highly monopolized and highly paid industry and area. It can be argued that regardless of the incidence of overeducation, those with higher level of education prefer to choose the lower level of job in these industries and areas.     

过度教育的再认识

本文从人力资本、失业等角度探讨过度教育定义,在此基础上对过度教育的发生率和收益率的计算提出了修正建议,同时从教育不匹配和技能不匹配的角度出发,提出应重新思考过度教育的涵义。     

希腊的过度教育

上世纪60年代开始，希腊的高等教育规模得到了空前发展，使劳动力的平均受教育年限迅速提高，但由于国有企业私有化改革和私营企业对大学毕业生的吸纳能力有限，劳动力的教育收益率逐年下降，出现了明显的过度教育现象。本主要从过度教育与家庭社会经济背景的关系、过度教育与学科专业的关系和过度教育在国有和私营部门之间的差别等方面论述了希腊过度教育的特点。     

Overeducation and the returns to enterprise-related schooling

This paper examines the relation between overeducation and enterprise-related schooling. If overeducation and enterprise-related schooling are substitutes the social costs of Overeducation are less. We find that correctly allocated workers have the highest probability of participation in enterprise-related schooling, while undereducated workers have the lowest probability of participation. There is no evidence of overeducation and enterprise-related schooling being either substitutes or complements. If we do not correct for self-selection, the average return on a year of education for correctly allocated workers is higher than the average rate of return to education for under- and overeducated workers. If we correct for self-selection in the participation in enterprise-related schooling the rate of return to education increases. The rates of return to under- and overeducation increase as well. If we correct for self-selection the rate of return to a year of undereducation becomes higher than the rate of return to a year of actual education. For undereducated workers the wage gain of participation in enterprise-related schooling is higher than for a correctly allocated worker. A year of Overeducation decreases the wage gain of participation in enterprise-related schooling for participants.     

中国过度教育的收入效应

The paper estimates the returns to overeducation by the Over-Required and Undereducation (ORU) model. The estimated results indicate that the returns to overeducation are positive, but lower than the returns to required education, which suggests that while overeducated employees’ earnings are diminished, they still can benefit from it. The paper also attempts to estimate the returns to overeducation by occupations, industries and regions. The result shows that in the field where educational level has much to do with the skills required by employers, education-job match has a greater effect on one’s earnings, such as professionals and skilled persons. On the contrary, education-job mismatch has little effect on one’s earnings, such as non-skilled employees, administrative and clerical employees. In addition, the returns to overeducation are lower or insignificant for those working in competitive but lower paid industries and areas. Conversely, the returns to overeducation are higher for those working in the highly monopolized and highly paid industry and area. It can be argued that regardless of the incidence of overeducation, those with higher level of education prefer to choose the lower level of job in these industries and areas. __________ Translated from Beijing Daxue Jiaoyu Pinglun 北京大学教育评论 (Peking University Education Review), 2007, 5(2): 136–146     

论我国紧急行政权的权力架构

在当代社会,紧急行政权是应对紧急状态所必不可少的手段,紧急行政权的构建和运行客观需要一个合理的权力结构予以分配规制。在这一权力分配结构下,紧急行政权才能发挥其有效的作用。笔者开篇讨论公共危机的现实存在,继而分析紧急行政权存在的合理性依据。最后从主体着手分四个层次详细论述我国紧急行政权的权力分配架构,希望通过理论论证能够为我国相关司法实践提供参考价值。     

知识建构社区中生成性角色的演变过程分析

工业社会以来所形成的班级上课制,多是按照固定脚本(教案)实施教学的,学生在教学中的角色多是预设好的。知识建构教学反对用固定脚本过多的控制学生,提倡通过学生对知识的主动认知自发生成角色。因此,需要不断探明的一个主要问题是:生成的角色会如何演化?其演变对知识建构教学的效果有什么样的影响?本研究采用基于设计的研究方法,力图在小学三年级一个班级一个学期科学课的教学实践中,持续优化知识建构教学过程,进而探究该学习社区中学生的生成性角色的类型及其演变规律。数据统计与分析主要采用时间序列分析法和多重线性回归分析法,对学生的课堂会话进行编码、统计与分析。研究结果表明:知识建构社区中会自动生成五类典型的角色,并随时间推进产生不同的演变。摸清五种生成性角色的演变规律,有助于教学实践者辨别角色类型、诊断角色问题、预测角色变化。底层规律的揭示,也将对深入挖掘知识建构社区中的角色定位提供一定的理论支持。     

Stuck in a mismatch? The persistence of overeducation during twenty years of the post-communist transition in Poland

This paper examines long-term changes in the persistence of overeducation among individual workers, focusing on the relationship between the rate of those changes and the general economic situation. All analyses are based on data from the Polish Panel Survey (POLPAN) conducted throughout the post-communist transition period, 1988–2008. The results suggest that being in a job with too low educational requirements is stable through time and raises the probability of experiencing the same situation five years later. The incidence of overeducation increased in the studied period, most rapidly during recession. The youngest cohorts, workers aged 26–35 in 2008, faced a higher risk of persistent overqualification than other cohorts. These findings are consistent with Thurow's job competition theory, as well as Sattinger's job assignment model.     

Overeducation among European University Graduates: a comparative analysis of its incidence and the importance of higher education differentiation

The incidence of overeducation in eight European countries is here assessed by means of multiple indicators. With the exception of Spain, the results reveal that overeducation is a minor risk amongst European tertiary graduates. Yet, the contrast between different indicators reveals the existence of an overeducation of a moderate kind in countries with high rates of tertiary attainment (Norway, Finland and Netherlands). Our results also reveal the importance of higher education differentiation for understanding the risk of overeducation. Graduates from humanistic fields, bachelor courses and vocational colleges are more exposed to overeducation, though their disadvantage varies cross-nationally.     

过度教育测度方法的比较研究

过度教育已经成为西方发达国家普遍存在的一种现象,然而,对于过度教育的测度却未形成统一的方法.本文拟对现有的关于过度教育的发生及过度教育收益率的测度方法进行比较研究.     

重建教学与人类知识史的结合——创新目标下的高校教科书改革

教学或教科书与人类知识史经历了一个从古代原始合一到近现代高度分离的发展演变过程。当今时代迫切需要重建教学或教科书与人类知识史的结合 ,它是实现高等教育培养创新人才目标的切实步骤     

艺术职业教学要进一步适应社会的发展

社会发展需要高素质的戏曲艺术人才,也是戏曲艺术教育人才培养的目标定位。新时代戏曲专业的教师不仅要以传道、授业、解惑的教学理念为基础,同时还要认清自己岗位职责的紧迫性、艰巨性。     

教育过度与高校毕业生就业问题分析

造成中国高等教育发展的高预期与现实中毕业生就业不畅矛盾的原因很多 ,但问题的本质在于高等教育的人才培养模式与我国现阶段的产业发展状况存在很大的不适。其表现特征 ,就是存在一定程度的“相对教育过度”问题。从长远看 ,适度超前依然是我国高等教育必须长期坚持的发展战略     

西方过度教育的理论综述

在很多经济合作与发展组织(OECD)国家里,已经有越来越多的高学历工人从事以前由低学历工人从事的工作,这种现象通常被解释为过度教育。教育供给增长速度过快为产生过度教育提供了客观环境,而过度教育的产生与个人异质性和工作技术结构都相关,同时也与受教育者从学校过渡到工作岗位的中介场所——劳动力市场有关。过度教育的实质是什么,如何解释过度教育现象?教育经济学家在不同理论框架下对过度教育进行了不同的阐释。     

Overeducation in developing economies: How can we test for it, and what does it mean?

A worker is said to be overeducated if he/she has acquired more education than is required to perform his/her job. In the absence of data measuring the number of years of schooling required to perform particular jobs, we propose a new approach to testing for overeducation. Overeducation is confirmed if we observe that education levels rose in jobs that offer very low returns to education and that underwent little technological change. Using labor force surveys from four developing countries, we find evidence of overeducation in unskilled jobs in the Philippines, mild evidence in Mexico, and little evidence in India and Thailand. We show that a job's mean and modal years of schooling are poor proxies for required education. We also show that overeducation sometimes increases within unskilled jobs, even while a growing share of educated workers enter skilled jobs. This may be because the quality of education segments the labor market.     

过度教育测度方法的比较研究

过度教育已经成为西方发达国家普遍存在的一种现象，然而，对于过度教育的测度却未形成统一的方法。文章对现有的关于过度教育的发生及过度教育的收益率的测度方法进行比较研究。