学术争鸣与中学历史教学的几点思考——以高中历史教材中“封建”概念的表述为例

自高中历史实施新课改以来,在实践与理论探索中取得了显著的成就。由于教材中将学术争鸣的成果引入教材中,因而对高中历史教材的编排产生了影响。现行高中历史四套教材中对＂封建＂概念表述迥异,这涉及学术争鸣与教材编写之间的关系。将学术争鸣的问题与研究成果引入教科书,不仅可以体现教材编写中多视角、多层次的特点,而且可以为学生在学习过程中提供更为广阔的空间,同时也应当兼顾中学基础教育的普遍规律,保证知识结构体系的合理、有序。     

论高校历史教育中的唯物史观教育

我国高校历史教育中的唯物史观教育有两条基本途径，即唯物史观原理教育和以唯物史观为指导的历史知识体系教育。目前，我国高校唯物史观教育中存在唯物史观原理教材僵化、以唯物史观为指导的通史和各专门史教材改革滞后以及从事唯物史观教育的教师知识结构不完善等问题。因此，我们必须对其进行多方面改革。     

Introduction

This article explores questions of the politics of knowledge and epistemology in relation to Holocaust education. It argues that, since knowledge is not neutral, we must be attentive to the role of ideologies in the selection and presentation of knowledge concerning the Holocaust in textbooks, in teaching, and in the media. The construction of knowledge about the Holocaust in classrooms is a relational process of meaning-making in which the cultures, perspectives and experiences of all involved come into play. For these reasons, the authors argue, Holocaust education should be considered in light of other fundamental questions, including the relationship of history, memory and identity in order to understand its actual and potential role in fostering democratic citizenship.     

Professional and personal values and virtues in education and teaching

This article seeks to shed light on the dilemma facing history education in regions beset by a protracted, and as yet unresolved ethno-political conflict. The article will examine this issue by means of a unique test case that observes a dramatic war event in Israeli textbooks. The event in question is the Six-Day War of 1967 and the study of its outcomes. This war stands in the twilight between memory and history and there is an extreme gap between the public history and the formal representation of that war in school textbooks. The question that begs an answer is why such a seminal event in Israeli history is not presented in history textbooks like the country’s other wars. The research methodology, which was conducted on two generations of textbooks, is based upon a comparative discourse analysis. A discussion of the findings contends that a critical pedagogy approach to history education might equip adolescent students with more powerful lenses through which to view several plausible scenarios for healing the wounds of the present by means of a rational and grounded perception of the past.     

MISSING PIECES: A REVIEW OF HISTORY CHAPTERS IN INTRODUCTORY EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION TEXTBOOKS

The results of a survey of history chapters in thirteen recent introductory early childhood education textbooks are presented in this paper. The chapters were reviewed on four dimensions: The rationale for the study of history, the dominant story of the history, the facts of the history, and the image of the history. Textbooks are described as important sources of knowledge for beginning students. While the facts of the history in textbooks are mostly accurate, the dominant story is derived mainly from the contributions of “giant thinkers” in psychology, education, and philosophy. The article concludes by recommending increased attention to the missing pieces of ECE history. Three examples are given: the role of caring knowledge, international perspectives, and the relation of preschool to school history.     

Teaching ancient Greek history in Greek compulsory education: textual and ideological continuities and discontinuities

The reality of Greek education presents a dissension in relation to the global trends regarding the existence and use of a single textbook per school subject. This reality also influences the orientation of education research. Thus, the international trend to study how textbooks affect the uptake of knowledge by the student, which is followed by Greek researchers as well, starts from a different basis, given the free choice between numerous school textbooks. However, what even Greek teachers ignore nowadays is that the one-textbook policy has not been unique in the Greek education reality; since 1969/70 the politics of multiple textbooks was dominant, at least in primary school. This paper attempts to present the particular Greek education policy related to the publication of school history textbooks, and secondly embarks on diachronic, historical research of school history textbooks that have been used in primary and secondary education from 1952 to 2010 and their inherent ideological discourse, both its continuities and discontinuities which form the cornerstones of the modern Greek identity.     

五十年代中期至七十年代中学历史教科书中的美国形象——兼谈与之后教科书的影响与比较

以20世纪50年代中期至70年代二十余年间的部分中学近代现代史课本为主要研究材料,对20世纪50年代中期至70年代中学历史教材中的近现代美国形象特点从政治(含独立战争、内战)、经济、对外关系这些近乎涵盖当时中学历史教材所有关于美国内容的三大方面展开分类评述,以求对当时教材的美国形象从分类剖析中得到具体化和细致化的形象特点。最后对本阶段教材的某些特点进行了总结,并从宏观角度对本阶段教材对其后教材的部分影响及相互比较作了简要探究。     

National identity and its relationship with teachers' historical knowledge and pedagogy: the case of Taiwan

National identity is one of the most important forms of ideology that affects human behaviours. Yet, the issue of whether it influences history teachers' subject matter knowledge or teaching practice is overlooked most of the time. With regime change in Taiwan, history curriculum and textbooks are no longer dominated by a China-centred narrative; more Taiwanese history is included in the curriculum. Given the fact that the Taiwanese are split on the issue of national identity, it is important to understand if and how teachers vary in their historical knowledge and instruction. This study examines the issue by investigating the relationships between Taiwanese junior high school history teachers' national identities, their subject matter knowledge and teaching practices. The result indicates that teachers' national identities significantly relate to their historical knowledge and conceptions about history, but bear no relationship to their teaching approaches. Pro-independence teachers have significantly more knowledge in both Taiwanese and Chinese histories and have better conceptions about the nature of history, but they do not necessarily choose to provide students multiple perspectives and interpretations. The implications for democratic citizenship education and teacher education are discussed.     

基于课标不同教科书同主题的比较与反思——以中关两国“启蒙运动”为例

以经全国中小学教材审定委员会审查通过的我国四套普通高中历史课程标准实验教科书为研究对象,借助《全日制普通高级中学历史课程标准（实验稿）》和美国ML版历史教科书为参照系,利用教科书设计相关理论对这些教科书中重要历史知识主题——“启蒙运动”进行比较分析,从而反思历史教科书设计变革范式和今后进一步修订与使用新历史教科书提出建议性注意路向。     

Political Ideology and Social Studies Curricula in Taiwan

Taiwanese textbooks play a central role in Taiwanese education. Teachers rely on the textbooks to develop lessons as well as the majority of the content of their classes. The purpose of this article is to explore the historical development of the political and ideological complexities in Taiwan's social studies curriculum. The article begins with an overview of Taiwan's history and population, followed by a discussion of the political and social impacts on Taiwan's social studies curriculum and textbooks from 1949 to the present. The theoretical interrelation between legitimised knowledge and school curriculum is discussed in relation to these issues.     

重建教学与人类知识史的结合——创新目标下的高校教科书改革

教学或教科书与人类知识史经历了一个从古代原始合一到近现代高度分离的发展演变过程。当今时代迫切需要重建教学或教科书与人类知识史的结合 ,它是实现高等教育培养创新人才目标的切实步骤     

晚清新式学堂的汉译历史教科书

汉译历史教科书在晚清的出现,是中国社会新旧交替的特殊背景下发生的学术现象,经历了不同的发展时期,其真正在近代中国的学校教育中普及,是在晚清新式学堂纷纷使用汉译历史教科书作为教学蓝本开始。而这一阶段,又经历了洋务运动、维新运动和书院改制这三个教育改革时期。     

Fiction,history and pedagogy: a double-edged sword

There are many areas of overlap between history and fiction. Teachers of history have long recognized this connection and used a range of fictional accounts in their teaching. In this article, we argue that fiction is a double-edged sword that must be handled carefully. On the one hand, it presents compelling characters and accounts that provide powerful connections with the past often missing from school history. On the other hand, the narrative force that draws the reader in and connects him or her to the experience of the characters also mitigates against alternative readings of the situation, undercutting the reader’s ability to understand the past in complex and critical terms. We contend that in the hands of effective teachers, the double-edged sword of fiction can be a valuable and effective tool in the teaching of history. We begin by exploring three scholarly conversations around the nature of history, history education and learning theory. We then discuss the general relationship between history and fiction, move on to describe two broad categories of fiction and their particular connections to history and history teaching and consider some of the tensions between history and fiction. Finally, we investigate pedagogical implications for effective use of fiction in the teaching of history.     

吕著中国历史教材研究刍议

将吕思勉先生的中国历史教材编写成就,置于近代历史课程改革的总体背景之中,着重考察并探究其教材编写理念的创新,以及编写体例与剪裁手法方面的特点,为目前中学历史教材编写的改革思路提供一些有益的历史经验。     

Approaches to school leadership in Scandinavia

In this article I examine approaches to school leadership in Scandinavia by applying a historical lens. I start by drawing attention to some aspects of the ideology and the history of the Scandinavian education systems in order to discuss how these aspects intersect with the globalised policy trends, and where there is likely to be tensions between the global trends and the cultural and historical imperatives of schooling and school leadership in Scandinavia. The devolution of greater responsibilities to schools has contributed to a number of demands upon them, in particular on school principals, but so far, the emerging age of accountability has had only small consequences on classroom practice. My main argument is that even though there is a growing homogenisation of approaches to school leadership due to global forces, local traditions ensure that they are played out differently in national contexts.     

论历史教科书编纂的有效衔接

初、高中历史教科书的有效衔接,并非意味着高中历史教科书的内容丝毫不能与初中的内容重复,事实上,基础知识的重复是难以避免的,要避免的是初、高中历史教科书叙述深广度大同小异的"简单重复"。同样的知识内容,初、高中历史教科书的"程度"要有所区别。     

The path of history: narrative analysis of history textbooks – a case study of Belgian history textbooks (1945–2004)

The philosophical background of the subject history in secondary education has been mainly addressed through research based on ‘obvious’ source types (curricula, discussions in committees or journals, …). This article proposes a narrative method of analysing history textbooks in order to study the underlining historical philosophy of history education.     

后疫情时代的跨文化交流:历史教育应有何作为

新冠肺炎疫情导致的国际冲突昭示着跨文化交流的重要性,历史教育对此应有所作为。历史教育的功能一直在与时俱进,内涵不断丰富,从以史为鉴到国家认同,再到国际理解。在信息时代,全球化和文化多样性并存,历史教育应再度进行调整。跨文化知识是跨文化交流的基础,历史教育应建构出整体的世界史叙事、均衡的世界史框架,形成合理、深刻的跨文化知识体系。跨文化交流与历史教育在认识论和方法论层面存在高度的一致,它们都致力研究面对和处理差异的智慧,跨文化交流与历史思维都是后天养成的,跨文化交流与历史思维均须克服自我中心主义。历史教育所着力培养的理解能力,正是跨文化交流所亟需的共情能力。历史教育要想不被时代淘汰,只能直面挑战,调整自我。     

Still Missing? History Chapters in Introductory Early Childhood Education Textbooks From the 1990s to the 2010s

This article compares history chapters in recent introductory early childhood education textbooks with those from an earlier study, reviewing history chapters on four dimensions: the rationale for the study of history, the dominant story of the history, the facts of the history, and the image of the history. Ten textbooks are reviewed, including six from the original study that are still in publication. Foundation textbooks are described as important sources of knowledge for beginning students. In the earlier study, the dominant story was derived mainly from the contributions of “giant thinkers” in psychology, education, and philosophy. A notable current trend is identified, that textbooks have improved their attention to international and non-Western developments. Nevertheless, while there is some evidence of a change in the presentation of history in the textbooks in the current survey, the article concludes by identifying some missing pieces, as in the original survey.     

Ethnic Cleansing,Yes; Genocide,No: Textbook Coverage of Ethnic Violence in the Former Yugoslavia

The ethnic violence that occurred in the former Yugoslavia during the mid-1990s has become one of the defining events of recent history. As such, today's students should develop an awareness of the history of that situation and its implications for contemporary society. Because textbooks provide the structure of most high school history courses, an analysis of textbook coverage of the Bosnian and Kosovar situations should provide critical information regarding what students learn about the events that occurred in those regions. This article analyzes how six frequently used history textbooks cover ethnic violence in the former Yugoslavia, thus providing data regarding what students learn about those situations.