美国学校体罚与管教之新探

校园零体罚是目前中小学教育最关切的议题之一。教育部早已发布了禁止对学生体罚或变相体罚的指示学生自主权获得了更进一步的保障,然而学校及教师对学生的管教态度与方式却也同时面临了前所未有的挑战。因此,本文主要针对美国学校体罚之现况、相关法律基础,探讨目前美国中小学生管教方法之替代方案。期望通过本研究增进我国对美国学校体罚状况的了解以及新的思考方向。     

试论债权与其他民事权利的关系

在民法中，债权和物权，知识产权，人身权等权利都被作为民事主体的基本权利而予以创设，这些基本的民事权利相互之间的关系怎样呢？本文着重以债权为基础，比较了债权与其他民事权利之间的联系和区别。     

Modeling Zero-Inflated and Overdispersed Count Data: An Empirical Study of School Suspensions

The purpose of this article is to develop a statistical model that best explains variability in the number of school days suspended. Number of school days suspended is a count variable that may be zero-inflated and overdispersed relative to a Poisson model. Four models were examined: Poisson, negative binomial, Poisson hurdle, and negative binomial hurdle. Additionally, the probability of a student being suspended for at least 1 day was modeled using a binomial logistic regression model. Of the count models considered, the negative binomial hurdle model had the best fit. Modeling the probability of a student being suspended for at least 1 day using a binomial logistic regression model with interactions fit both the training and test data and had adequate fit. Findings here suggest that both the negative binomial hurdle and the binomial logistic regression models should be considered when modeling school suspensions.     

从肉刑立废看中国封建统治阶级的本质

肉刑是一种摧残人的肢体的刑罚,它是奴隶社会中惩罚犯罪者的主要刑罚.由于封建社会是从奴隶社会脱胎而来,肉刑制度在封建社会初期仍被广泛的使用,但是肉刑是一种野蛮落后的刑罚制度,阻碍了生产力的发展.因此,随着统治阶级对刑罚认识加深,肉刑从法律上逐渐被废除了.肉刑的废除是中国刑罚史上巨大的进步.但我们应当看到肉刑的立废完全是出于统治阶级利益需要,在阶级社会里,肉刑这种刑罚只要掌握在剥削阶级手里,它永远都是镇压人民的工具.     

从认知心理学的角度看语义和语法的关系

语义和语法的关系是当代各主要语言学流派所关注的核心问题，也是它们的根本分歧之所在。认知心理学在过去20年来的迅速发展，为理解语义和语法的关系提供了扎实的实验根据。我们尝试利用认知心理学的研究成果，从一个新的视角论证语义和语法之间的内在联系，从而揭示语言的一个最为本质的特性。     

大学生冲动性水平与抑制能力的一致性研究:来自眼动的证据

抑制功能差是解释个体冲动性水平高的深层次原因,但两者是否具备一致性的关系还尚不清晰。使用巴瑞特(Barratt)冲动问卷中文版(BIS-11-C)从280名低年级大学生中筛选出22名作为冲动高组,22名作为冲动低组,通过行为反应实验和眼动追踪技术测查两组在色词Stroop和空间Stroop和抑制反眼跳任务上是否同样具有显著差异,结果表明冲动高组在三种任务上的成绩显著差于冲动低组,说明个体的冲动性水平与其抑制表现具有一致性。     

学业焦虑与学习成绩关系的元分析——基于中国中学生研究数据

学业焦虑是学生在学业情境中较为常见的消极情绪状态。本文运用元分析方法探究中国中学生学业焦虑与学习成绩的关系状态及其影响因素。研究发现，学业焦虑与学习成绩之间的关系显著，学习成绩获取途径和学科类型对二者之间的关系有显著的调节作用。主效应显著的研究发现支持学业情绪控制价值理论和认知动机理论的核心观点，同时提示教育工作者不能忽视学业焦虑对学生学习成绩的负面影响，建议通过培养学生的健康人格、指导家庭教育方式、改革成绩排名方式、建立同辈互助小组等举措帮助学生减少学业焦虑。学习成绩获取途径的调节效应显著，提示教育研究者在开展相关研究时，最好根据学生成绩单上报告的学习成绩进行科学计算；学科类型的调节效应显著，提示教育工作者在开展中学生学业焦虑干预时，应该重点关注英语和数学两门学科。     

Examining Punishment and Discipline: Defending the Use of Punishment by Coaches

Confusion, uncertainty, and debate often surround the terms discipline and punishment because scholars fail to publicize that they possess distinctive meanings. This article differentiates punishment from discipline and attempts to present some rationale supporting its use, especially corporal punishment, in a sport setting from a coaching perspective. Punishment and discipline appear appropriate to study in the sporting environment because coaches must work with their players and actions affecting one player often impact the others. Thus, a wrongful behavior committed by one frequently extends consequences on teammates. Overall, this work proposes that punishment serves as an effective treatment when a coach intends to instruct, train, drill, and cultivate behavior and learning from those mentally capable of appreciating its objective. Punishment arguably appears most appropriate when a coach believes there is no other alternative for censuring and deterring behaviors and restoring the balance between victims, offenders, and the team or organization. It also appears to be an appropriate method to help perpetrators alleviate a sense of guilt or shame because punishment motivates offenders to demonstrate their repentance, a requirement for reentering society as a whole person in the eyes of others and oneself. Support for punishment also focuses on its unique ability to maintain or create order and stability, while also satiating negative feelings associated with victimization. Finally, this work argues we must recognize conventional punishment is age appropriate and proportional to the violation. Overall, punishment is acceptable because when properly measured, it supports the intrinsic worth of people as moral agents.     

浅析美国梦与黑人民权运动的相互影响

美国梦作为一种文化历史现象,其存在已有数百年了,直至今天,它仍然是广为美国公众甚至其他国家的人民所认同的一个概念。美国黑人虽非自愿移民美国,但美国梦所包含的自由平等和机会均等的理念却同样是他们所追求的。在二十世纪五六十年代民权运动前,美国黑人所梦寐以求的就是美国独立宣言和宪法所述的美国梦能够切实得以实现,这样,他们才能实现个人的美国梦。因此,民权运动领袖对美国梦有过多次诉求,以寻求公众和联邦政府对运动的支持,而他们所取得的成就,也使得美国梦涵盖的范围更加广泛,对黑人实现他们的美国梦有着积极的影响。     

我民事诉讼证据收集制度的改革与完善

我国民事诉讼法缺乏当事人收集证据的手段和程序的规定，既不利于当事人举证责任的完成，又妨碍庭审公正及效率。我国民事诉讼法所规定的证据收集制度存在着许多弊端。     

劳动法律关系与民事法律关系之比较

劳动法律关系与民事法律关系是社会活动和司法实践中最普遍的法律关系,两者既有联系,又有区别。根据目前我国有关民事、劳动法律法规,从主体、内容、客体三个方面对两者进行了较为深入的比较研究。     

Employment During High School and Student Achievement: Longitudinal Analysis of National Data

Abstract

The relationship between employment and academic performance in a nationally representative sample of U.S. students was examined in a longitudinal study as the students progressed from Grade 8 to 12. The participants (N = 15,552) took part in the base year (1988), first follow-up (1990), and second follow-up (1992) of the National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS). Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the NELS data set while controlling for the effects of family background, previous achievement, gender, and ethnicity. Employment had an overall negative and curvilinear effect on high school GPA. Students who worked fewer than 12 hr per week fared better academically than those students who were not employed. A significant decline in academic performance was observed when students worked more than 11–13 hr per week.     

人权 公民权与行政权关系的法理分析

公民权是人权在宪法中的体现。行政权源于公民权,保障公民权是行政权设置的终极目的。现阶段我国行政法必须明确保障公民权,以实现行政权与公民权的平衡。     

论法官自由裁量权与民事诉讼的关系

从宏观角度而言,法官自由裁量权与民事诉讼的关系主要包括案件类型、民事诉讼基本原则、民事诉讼基本模式与法官自由裁量权的关系。在不同类型案件的处理过程中,法官享有不同的自由裁量权;民事诉讼基本原则一方面赋予了法官以自由裁量权,另一方面又是法官行使自由裁量权重要的指导原则;民事诉讼基本模式是法官自由裁量权运行的结构性空间,不同模式下法官自由裁量权运行状况不同,同时法官自由裁量权的运行状况也是民事诉讼基本模式的一个重要表征。     

幼儿园教师惩戒与幼儿行为反应的关系

教师惩戒对幼儿发展具有重要意义。本研究观察幼儿园教师惩戒的种类及次数及其对应的幼儿反应,结果发现:幼儿园教师惩戒方式较多出现短促告诫,有效性不高;较少出现个别、集体交流,有效性较高;幼儿反应以行为减少为主。建议幼儿园教师应提高惩戒行为的针对性,关注幼儿对惩戒行为的行为反应,增加师幼交流的频率。     

中小学生写作与思维的关系

近年来写作思维的研究逐渐受到重视，并成为较新的研究领域。目前心理学界对写作中思维及相关能力的研究．主要集中在组织概括能力、元认知能力、创造能力和流畅性等方面。研究中存在的问题包括：写作与思维能力研究存在一定的脱节；研究的力度不够；研究维度的系统性有待完善；国内理论研究有待加强；等等。     

教育行政法律关系视野中的学校管教权

一、学校的性质关于学校性质的定位,目前理论界、学术界等还没有完全的定性,主要存在着三种不同的看法。第一,大多数学者、专家将学校定位是一种事业单位。理由是我国《民法通则》依据法人宗旨、任务的不同,把法人分为企业法人和非企业法人。划分企业法人与非企业法人的一个重要标志就是是否以营利为目的。凡是以营利为目的均为企业法人,而不是以营利为目的的组织则为机关、事业、社团法人。我国《教育法》规定,“任何组织和个人不得以营利为目的举办学校及其他教育机构。”我国《高等教育法》第24条规定,“设立高等学校,应当符合国家高等教…     

论学校与教师的法律关系

学校与教师之间的法律关系究竟是民事法律关系还是行政法律关系?只有从理论上澄清这种模糊的认识，实践中才能更好地处理二者之间的法律纠纷，本文从学校所处的法律地位和教师聘任制的推行两个方面入手，分析了我国学校和教师之间的法律关系是一种学校的特别权力受到限制的行政法律关系。     

Vocational Education and Training: Researching the Relationship between School and Work

Researchers and policy makers agree that the relation between school and work is an important characteristic of vocational education and training (VET) and needs attention. The relation itself poses several challenges for research to be successful and useful for policy makers. In this article, we outline these challenges and answer the following question: What needs to be considered when researching the relation between school and work? Our central claim is that research on the relation between school and work needs to (1) take into account contextual conditions of the VET system, including identifying the central actors and their responsibilities within a VET system, (2) take into account the characteristics of VET itself, (3) define the quality of the relation between school and work (depending on the context, characteristics of the VET system and VET itself), and (4) be consistent with respect to chosen research aims and paradigms. To illustrate how these aspects can be taken into account an example of empirical research conducted in the German dual apprenticeship system is described. The readers are provided with guidelines for researchers and policy makers to carry out high quality research on the relation between school and work in VET systems that enables policy makers to make use of the results to improve the relation between school and work in VET systems.