Sex Differences in Neonatal Stress Reactivity

The question of whether a sexually dimorphic stress reaction exists prior to extensive socialization was addressed by examining sex differences in physiological and behavioral stress reactivity, in healthy, term neonates, after a mildly stressful behavioral assessment procedure. The Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale (NBAS; Brazelton, 1973) was administered to 18 male and 18 female neonates. Heart rate (HR), salivary cortisol, and behavioral states were assessed before and after the exam. Sex differences included higher cortisol response in males and a greater change in HR and higher NBAS motor performance cluster score in females. Salivary cortisol, HR change, NBAS cluster scores, and behavioral states after NBAS provided 100% discrimination between male and female infants. These findings suggest that there are neonatal sex differences in behavioral and physiological stress reactivity prior to socialization.     

民事诉讼上的自认

诉讼上的自认，我国现行的民事诉讼法未作规定。2002年4月1日起实施的《最高人民法院(关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定)》以司法解释的形式在第八条中用四款正式确立了民事诉讼上的自认制度。章试图通过对自认的内涵和外延进行分析比较，进而对民事诉讼上的自认及相关问题，如自认的效力、自认的构成、自认的分类等进行探讨，以达到对自认制度的正确认识。     

关于大学生自我认识的思考

大学生正确地认识自我，不仅有助于他们在校时的学习与生活，而且有利于他们今后的择业与事业发展。合格的大学生应该能正确地认识自我、发展自我，并进而实现自我。     

Neonatal Stress Reactivity: Predictions to Later Emotional Temperament

To investigate the relations among popular measures of neonatal stress and their link to subsequent temperament, 50 full-term newborns from a normal care nursery were examined responding to a heelstick blood draw. Baseline and heelstick measures of behavioral state, heart period, vagal tone, and salivary cortisol were obtained. Recovery measures of behavioral and cardiac activity were also analyzed. Mothers completed Rothbart's Infant Behavior Questionnaire when their infants reached 6 months of age. Baseline vagal tone predicted cortisol in response to the heelstick, suggesting that baseline vagal tone reflects the infants' ability to react to stressors. Greater reactivity to the heelstick (more crying, shorter heart periods, lower vagal tone, and higher cortisol) was associated with lower scores on "Distress-to-Limitations" temperament at 6 months. This finding was consistent with the expectation that the capacity to react strongly to an aversive stimulus would reflect better neurobehavioral organization in the newborn. Recovery measures of cardiac activity approximated and were correlated with baseline measures indicating the strong self-righting properties of the healthy newborn. Finally, vagal tone and salivary cortisol measures were not significantly related, suggesting the importance of assessing both systems in studies of the ontogeny of stress-temperament relations.     

Behavioral Inhibition and Stress Reactivity: The Moderating Role of Attachment Security

The role of the mother-toddler attachment relationship in moderating the relations between behavioral inhibition and changes in salivary cortisol levels in response to novel events was examined in 77 18-month-olds. Behavioral inhibition was determined by observing toddler inhibition of approach to several novel events. Attachment security to mother was assessed using the Ainsworth Strange Situation. Changes in salivary cortisol were used to index activity of the stress-sensitive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system. In addition, toddler coping behaviors and the behaviors used by mothers to help toddlers manage novel events were examined. Elevations in cortisol were found only for inhibited toddlers in insecure attachment relationships. Mothers in these relationships appeared to interfere with their toddlers' coping efforts. These results are discussed in the context of a coping model of the relations between temperament and stress reactivity.     

Stress Regulation in Adolescents: Physiological Reactivity During the Adult Attachment Interview and Conflict Interaction

The current study examined whether adolescents’ attachment representations were associated with differences in emotion regulation during the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI; C. George, N. Kaplan, & M. Main, 1996 ) and during a mother–adolescent conflict interaction task (Family Interaction Task [FIT]; J. P. Allen et al., 2003 ). Participants were one hundred and fifty‐six 14‐year‐old adolescents. Dismissing adolescents showed less interbeat interval (IBI) reactivity (indicating less stress) during the AAI than secure adolescents. However, during the FIT, dismissing adolescents showed more IBI reactivity. No differences in physiological reactivity were found between individuals with resolved or unresolved loss or trauma during the AAI or FIT. The results indicate that dismissing adolescents may effectively use a defensive strategy during the AAI but less so in direct conflict interaction with their attachment figure.     

Infant Attachment Insecurity and Baseline Physiological Activity and Physiological Reactivity to Interpersonal Stress: A Meta-Analytic Review

This meta-analytic review (k = 5–10; N = 258–895) examined links between attachment insecurity and physiological activity at baseline and in response to interpersonal stress elicited by separation–reunion procedures in the early life course (1–5 years). Insecurity was trivially, nonsignificantly associated with baseline physiological activity (heart rate [HR]: g = −.06; respiratory sinus arrhythmia [RSA]: g = −.06; cortisol: g = .01) and nonsignificantly associated with physiological reactivity to separation from parents (HR: g = −.001; RSA: g = .24). However, insecurity was moderately associated with heightened RSA (g = .26) and cortisol (g = .27) reactivity upon reunion with parents. Findings provide insight into the biobehavioral organization of attachment, suggesting that early insecurity is associated with heightened physiological reactivity to interpersonal stress.     

Cortisol Reactivity to Social Stress as a Mediator of Early Adversity on Risk and Adaptive Outcomes

Children chronically exposed to stress early in life are at increased risk for maladaptive outcomes, though the physiological mechanisms driving these effects are unknown. Cortisol reactivity was tested as a mediator of the relation between prenatal substance exposure and/or early adversity on adaptive and maladaptive outcomes. Data were drawn from a prospective longitudinal study of prenatal substance exposure (N = 860). Cortisol reactivity was assessed at age 11. Among African Americans, prenatal substance exposure exerted an indirect effect through early adversity and cortisol reactivity to predict externalizing behavior, delinquency, and a positive student–teacher relationship at age 11. Decreased cortisol reactivity was related to maladaptive outcomes, and increased cortisol reactivity predicted better executive functioning and a more positive student–teacher relationship.     

Effects of Group Counseling on Self-Reports and on Self-Recognition Abilities of Counselors in Training

This study attempted to demonstrate the effects of group counseling with prospective counselors. Two hypotheses were tested: (a) Group counseling is associated with changes in self-reports of counselors in training; and (b) Group counseling increases self-recognition abilities of counselors in training. To test hypothesis one, study and control group scores on the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule and the Motivation Analysis Test were compared using analysis of covariance. Hypothesis two was tested by applying selected criteria to the subjects' choices of personality sketches that were “most like me.” The first but not the second hypothesis was confirmed. Discussion relates the findings to previous research and notes the minimal nature of the differences between the study and control groups.     

干旱胁迫下水杨酸对水稻幼苗抗氧化酶活性的影响

探索了高浓度外源水杨酸(salicylic acid,SA)对干旱胁迫下水稻(Oryza sativa L.)幼苗叶片抗氧化酶活性的影响.在干旱胁迫下,水稻幼苗叶片中的三种抗氧化酶活性随胁迫时间的延长而逐渐下降,但经SA处理的水稻幼苗叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均较对照的低,而且这三种抗氧化酶同工酶谱带数目基本没有发生变化.这些结果表明,高浓度的SA使水稻幼苗抗氧化酶活性大大降低,使水稻植株对干旱胁迫的抵抗能力减弱.     

Biological Sensitivity to Context: The Interactive Effects of Stress Reactivity and Family Adversity on Socioemotional Behavior and School Readiness

This study examined the direct and interactive effects of stress reactivity and family adversity on socioemotional and cognitive development in three hundred and thirty-eight 5- to 6-year-old children. Neurobiological stress reactivity was measured as respiratory sinus arrhythmia and salivary cortisol responses to social, cognitive, sensory, and emotional challenges. Adaptation was assessed using child, parent, and teacher reports of externalizing symptoms, prosocial behaviors, school engagement, and academic competence. Results revealed significant interactions between reactivity and adversity. High stress reactivity was associated with more maladaptive outcomes in the context of high adversity but with better adaption in the context of low adversity. The findings corroborate a reconceptualization of stress reactivity as biological sensitivity to context by showing that high reactivity can both hinder and promote adaptive functioning.     

Self-Recognition in Young Children Using Delayed versus Live Feedback: Evidence of a Developmental Asynchrony

The ability of young children to recognize themselves in delayed videotapes and recent photographs was investigated using a delayed analog of the mirror mark test, as well as verbal reports. In Experiment 1, 42 2–4-year-old children were videotaped while playing an unusual game. During the game an experimenter covertly placed a large sticker on the child's head. The videotape was played back 3 min later to the children. Older, but not younger, children reached up to remove the sticker when the tape revealed it being placed on their heads. In Experiment 2, a similar procedure was used with 60 3- and 4-year-olds where Polaroid photographs were taken during and after the act of the sticker being placed on the child's head. When allowed to look at the photographs, young 3-year-olds did not reach up to search for the sticker, whereas older 3- and 4-year-olds did. Almost all of the children who did not appear to realize that there was a sticker on their head from the information provided by the photographs did provide a correct verbal label for the image, and reached up to remove the sticker when presented with a mirror. Experiment 3 compared the reaction of 48 21/2–31/2-year-olds to live versus delayed video feedback and indicated an effect of the temporal aspect of the stimulus. The results are discussed in the context of the different forms of self-conception that may underwrite the 2 manifestations of self-recognition.     

婴儿言语自我认知的发生——基于对15名婴儿的追踪观察

本研究采用纵向设计方法,对大连市15名婴儿从出生第15个月开始追踪观察至第23个月,每周观察一次,以考察婴儿言语自我认知发生的确切时间和个体差异,及其言语自我认知发生的过程和具体表现。结果表明:(1)婴儿第一次用自己的名字进行自我表述的平均年龄为19.80个月。(2)婴儿言语自我认知的发生存在个体差异。(3)婴儿言语自我认知经历了从使用名字表述自我到使用第一人称表述自我的发展变化过程。     

对氯苯甲酸的结构及化学反应性

经X射线衍射方法测定了对氯苯甲酸的晶体结构。并对其结构进行量子化学从头计算,探讨化合物的稳定性、分子轨道能量、原子净电荷布居规律以及一些前沿分子轨道的组成特征。阐明了对氯苯甲酸分子中两个官能团的相互作用及化学反应性。对构建结构引导性质的教学思想有积极指导作用。     

“五四”以后知识阶级的自我体认(1920-1926)——以五卅运动和三一八运动为中心的考察

五四前后是近代知识阶级整体走向自觉的重要时期。在随后的五卅运动和三一八运动中,这个新起的阶级在指导民众中更发挥了独到和重要的作用,从而也扩大了自己的社会影响力。与此相应,它对责任与使命的自我体认,超越了思想解放的范围,开始与国民革命的实践相联系,并进而浸成了以中国社会精神领袖自居,欲充当一切政治运动社会运动的指导者的更高的理想与抱负。知识阶级的这种缘于阶级属性的个性与浪漫主义的认知,在很大程度上决定了自己在近代史上得失毁誉和最终归宿的历史命运。     

Prenatal Cocaine Exposure and Infant Cortisol Reactivity

This study examined the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on infant hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity and reactivity at 7 months of infant age. Participants were 168 caregiver–infant dyads (87 cocaine exposed, 81 not cocaine exposed; 47% boys). Maternal behavior, caregiving instability, and infant growth and behavior were assessed, and children's saliva was sampled before, during, and after standardized procedures designed to elicit emotional arousal. Results revealed cocaine-exposed infants had a high amplitude trajectory of cortisol reactivity compared to non-cocaine-exposed infants. Infant gender and caregiving instability moderated this association. The findings support a dual hazard vulnerability model and have implications for evolutionary-developmental theories of individual differences in biological sensitivity to context.     

五元单杂环化合物芳香性和反应活性讨论

讨论了五元单杂环化合物 ,呋喃、吡咯、噻吩的芳香性大小和亲电取代反应活性的关系     

直线型并苯芳烃反应活性与FMO能量

利用直线型并苯芳烃FMO信息,分析归纳出其反应活性同FMO能量之间存在着线性关系,提出了判断这类烃反应活性的新判据。     

氨基取代脂肪族一元酸的电子结构与化学反应性的讨论

引导和构建结构决定性质的教学思想,理解结构与化学反应性能的关系.通过氨基取代直链型脂肪族羧酸化合物的空间构象和电子结构分析,在α-氨基癸酸中,(1)-αC-C键自由旋转能垒8.425 1kcal/mol,-αC-N键自由旋转能垒14.042 3kcal/mol,高能构象时分子极性较大,为化学反应活性构象;(2)碳原子电荷密度受到氨基的影响,随着氨基取代位置n增加,-αC、-βC、-γC等碳原子负电荷密度减少;(3)氨基酸的体系能E随氨基与羧基有位置n的关系具有E=-594.804-0.005ln(n)(2≤n≤10),给予阐述.     

氨基二苯氨的电子结构与反应性的理论研究

运用G98W量子化学程序，采用HF／3-21G基组，对氨基二苯氨化合物进行全优化，对其红外光谱特性、电子结构及化学反应性能进行了研究。