清朝皇帝的上朝语言

正在电视上热播的清官剧中,我们常常能看到皇帝上朝、大臣启奏等情节。那么,作为统治者的清朝皇帝,在上朝时和满汉皆有的大臣们交流时,用的是什么语言呢?是汉语,还是满语?众所周知,清朝政治体系主要是由满汉两族构成的。不同民族,所使用的语言也不一样,语言的差异必然会带来交流上的障碍。顺治入关之后,朝廷官员基本     

读报常識

达賴喇嘛和班禅額尔德尼西藏的宗教首領同时就是政治领袖,按照西藏地方历史传統,有两个政治宗教领袖,即达赖喇嘛和班禅额尔德尼。达赖是蒙古語大海的意思,说他的智慧象海洋一样辽阔;达赖喇嘛的称号始自三世达赖。1575年(明万历3年),三世达賴琐南嘉错应青海蒙古酋长俺答汗的邀请,到青海传法以后,被尊称为达赖喇嘛。但“达赖喇嘛”的正式封号,是清朝顺治皇帝封的。班禅是梵文智慧学識深博广大的意思,额尔德尼是一种尊称。1717(康熙56)年,清朝康熙皇帝始封“班禅额尔德尼”称号。达赖驻拉萨,班禅駐札什伦布。     

时至乾隆朝的满族汉化进程

崇尚武力、国语骑射、淳朴务实是满洲的基本民族特征,但在清军入关以后,满族人在逐渐走向汉化,清历代皇帝一方面最大限度地汲取对满族统治有益的部分为其所用;另一方面又在维持祖制的心理下,竭力保持自己的民族个性,不遗余力的抵制汉化。满汉文化不断碰撞、交融,满文化最终走向汉化是历史的主流,但满族的汉化也并不是完全的汉化,而是一种渐进的、具有满民族特征的汉化过程。     

清初俸禄制中的满汉差异

清初俸禄制中的满汉畛域明显表现在雍正三年之前,因存在时间较短,其重要性往往易于被人忽视。清初俸禄制中的满汉差异,是清朝官制中民族畛域问题的一个具体表现;是揭示满汉官政治待遇不平等、满洲统治者"首崇满洲"的治国理念,及其民族政策演变过程的一个重要切入点。     

论承德避暑山庄在清朝历史中的作用

承德避暑山庄不仅仅是清朝皇帝在此处理国家政务、治理国家的重要场所,而且在统一多民族国家的形成、发展和巩固方面,在进一步巩固各民族政治联盟方面发挥了非常独特的作用。承德避暑山庄的肇建及其功能的充分发挥,是清朝政府成功实现了正确民族政策的标志,也是清朝民族政策是集中国封建王朝民族政策之大成的象征。     

论纳兰性德词的满汉文化交融特征

清代满族杰出词人纳兰性德是一颗灿烂夺目的明星,给清代词坛增添了奇光异彩;他更是满汉文化交融的一个使者,在中华民族满汉发展史上唱出了一曲民族友谊和文化交流之歌。这可以从其词题材内容的满汉民族交融和艺术表达的满汉民族交融两个方面来说明。题材内容的满汉民族交融主要表现在热情讴歌满汉士大夫间的诚挚友谊、深情礼赞满汉儿女的纯真爱情和深刻表达对明朝这个汉族政权的感情等三个方面;艺术表达的满汉民族交融主要表现在情感真挚、感伤基调和比喻等三个方面。从民族交融的角度研究纳兰词,也是我们认识、研究纳兰词的另外一个重要视角。     

管教康熙皇帝

满族旗人灭了明朝建立了清朝之后,顺治皇帝为了达到永远统治汉人的目的,便把希望寄托在他的儿子康熙身上。当时康熙6岁,他在找了一个教康熙武术的老师之后,又想找一个真正学识渊博的汉族人教他的儿     

清代满族作家文学创作简论

从公元一六四四年至公元一七二二年,即清代顺治、康熙年间,在中国文学史上称为清代初期。这个大约四分之三世纪的历史阶段,可以说是满族作家文学兴起和发展的时期。清王朝统治阶级在建立了全国的统治以后,为了巩固他们的封建统治地位,为了缓和满汉民族之间的矛盾,同时,也为了提高原来远远落后于汉族的满族文化,十分注意对汉族文化的吸收和学习。在这时期里,从皇帝到一般贵族阶层中出现了一个学习汉族文化的热潮。     

端方:一个满族官员的民族主义及其政治取向

20世纪初,端方等官员对国际格局的认识已不止是"数千年来未有之变局",而是在帝国主义时代,中国已面临瓜分境地;在此关头,惟有努力改革,方可自强。在国内复杂的民族关系上,端方既认同各族群统一的中国,又希望保持大清朝的统治,他主张平满汉畛域,融合国内各民族。端方的主张和认识,显示了中国政治和民族关系发展的趋向。     

清代康、雍、乾三朝满、汉二体《国史》的编纂研究

清朝《国史》的编纂活动始于康熙朝。由于政治、军事等多方面的原因,康熙、雍正时期《国史》编纂活动成效并不大,乾隆朝国史编纂活动是康熙、雍正以来国史编纂活动的继续,它使自康熙中后期开始的清朝国史编纂活动得以基本完成,为后世留下了中国历史上唯一一部用满汉两种文字编纂、编译完成的国史,堪称中国官修史书历史上的一个重要里程碑,也是清代民族文字文献编纂活动发展繁荣的具体体现。这些以满、汉文编纂编译的卷帙浩繁的国史本纪、列传、表,均完好地保留到现在,使清朝国史有了多种文本,为研究清朝历史提供了更多的版本的文献。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

Western and Eastern culture differences in commercial field

The communication of people partially is the communication of cultures. Culture has a direct effect on international commercial activities in all aspects. Different conceptions about time, space, equality, law and the like, lead people to deal with things in different ways. So to know cultures of the counterpart is to facil-itate our enterprises so as to have a smooth and successful communication in commercial activity.     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

风的曲线

Rosco and I wait for the fishermen to return.I sit at a wooden bench near the store at Mt.Baker Resort and watch the clouds change shape. Rosco has my belt around his neck and an eight foot tow chain hooked to a tree. Dogs must be on a leash. Ducks and rabbits are loose.