论拿破仑战争的性质及其胜负原因

拿破仑一生的政治生命是与战争紧密地连结在一起的。他登上政治舞台,一步步升迁直至登上皇帝的宝座是由于战争的胜利,正如他自己所说:“我的权势建立在我的光荣上,而我的光荣建立在战功上,征战使我得有今日”;同样,他政治生命的完结,也是因为战争的失败。因此,研究拿破仑战争的性质及其胜负的原因,对拿破仑的研究无疑具有重要意义。拿破仑一生进行了多次战争,有胜仗也有败仗,战争的胜败曾经影响着欧洲的命运,改变着欧洲的面貌。分析一下其胜负的根本原因,乃是阐明其战争的性质     

试论拿破仑战争性质转化问题

对拿破仑的评价,中外史学界长期争论不休。法国史学家索布尔认为:“拿破仑的历史将不会结束,也永远不会全部写成。”评价拿破仑产生分歧的重要因素之一,是对拿破仑战争的不同看法。拿破仑的政治生涯同法国的对外战争紧密相连,他被称为“马背上的罗伯斯比尔”。因此,正确地分析拿破仑战争,就成为评价拿破仑的一个关键性问题。大多数学者认为,十八世纪末至十九世纪初法国对外战争的性质有个转化问题,至于什么事件是战争性质转化的标志,看法颇为分歧。本文就这个问题谈些粗浅看法,以求教于史学界。     

从拿破仑回归雨果

拿破仑死后，有一个时期法国人不愿意想到拿破仑。与其说是政治原因，还不如说是征服的狂热过去，每家每户对战死亲人的怀念，变得刺痛而具体。那么，一个国家上百万的战争受难者，一个巨大的生命牺牲，要多长时间就能够把这样的伤痛抹去呢？对于健忘的人类，短则十年，长则二十年就可以了。     

试论滑铁卢之战

<正> 滑铁卢之战不但决定了拿破仓的命运,而且决定了法国甚至欧洲的命运。滑铁卢的战败标志着拿破仑政治生命的彻底完结,“之后,各国的反革命都掌握了政权。从伦敦到那不勒斯,从里斯本到圣彼得堡,各国的内阁都由封建贵族统治着”。①拿破仑这位在军事上不可企及的大师和巨匠,素以辉煌的战争奇迹著称于世,可是在他的一生中最后的一场战争中却大败之输,一蹶不振。这就引起了人们对这次战役的特别关注。一百多年来,许多著名的学     

试论拿破仑的霸权主义

拿破仑是一位杰出的政治家和军事家,同时也是一个典型的霸权主义者。在评论含破仑和拿破仑战争时,我们不仅应该充分肯定他卓越的军事才能和其战争对欧洲社会发展的客观进步作用,同时,还必须深刻揭露和批判他的霸权主义。称霸世界是拿破仑始终不变的政策,它集中体现了大革命胜利后法国资产阶级的愿望和要求,贯穿着拿破仑当政时期活动的始终。本文试就拿破仑霸权主义的基础、特征和霸权主义为什么短命等问题,作一个粗略的评述。     

《1794-1814年的法国》(教案)

一、教学目的 1.讲述1794-1814年的法国,使学生了解拿破仑是怎样以军事起家的,对外战争的性质是什么;拿破仑为巩固资产阶级统治采取了哪些措施;第一帝国覆灭的原因是什么。 2.指导学生阅读教材,通过归纳与概括,帮助学生运用历史唯物主义基本观点分析拿破仑及其政权性质,提高分析问题的能力。二、重点和难点: 重点:拿破仑政权的资产阶级军事专政性质。难点:拿破仑对外战争的性质。三、教具: 1.“法兰西第一帝国极盛时的欧洲”图。 2.1794-1830年7月法国历史基本线索表。 3.拿破仑政权对内措施简表(小黑板)     

普法战争中法德两国工人的反战斗争

1870年七月十九日,普法战争在拿破仑第三和俾斯麦双方的挑动下爆发了。这次战争从其前后不同性质来看,分为两个阶段:从战争爆发起至拿破仑第三在色当投降和法国发生革命宣布共和时止,为第一阶段;自此以后至停战条约签订时止,为第二阶段。战争的第一阶段,在法国方面,是拿破仑第三为了延长其统治、转移国内革命目标、挽救其摇摇欲坠的政权而进行的皇朝战争,是侵略性的、非正义的战争。在德国方面,虽然俾斯麦对于发动战争的积极性并不下于拿破仑第三,但因为战争在这一阶段的客观内容是完成德意志的统一,因而抗击拿破仑第三的旨在分裂     

试论拿破仑的大陆封锁政策

“大陆封锁”是拿破仑在对外战争中实行的一项重要的经济政策,它的目的一是将英国商品排挤出欧陆市场,使英国在商业上处于完全孤立的地位,使其财源枯竭,迫使英国屈膝投降,法国则可以在同英国的长期争霸中取得最后的胜利.二是以此来保护法国工商业的发展,增加对外贸易,使法国成为欧洲的经济强国,即使法国暂时还不能代替英国成为“世界工厂”的话,也可望代替英国成为“欧洲工厂”,最终为拿破仑霸主地位的确立奠定雄厚的经济基础.因此1806年11月拿破仑发布了著名的“柏林敕令”,向全欧洲宣布:“不列颠处于封锁状态”,禁止欧洲大陆诸国与英国的任何贸易和一切通讯往来.这就是拿破仑的大陆封锁政策全面开始实施的标志.     

世界资本主义大国的外交政策

一、英国的势力均衡政策势力均衡政策是英国传统的、历时最久的外交政策。1.含义:势力均衡政策是指英国为维持霸主地位,凭借自己的经济和军事实力,使欧洲大国之间相互牵制和争夺,防止一国称霸欧洲的外交政策。2.实施:从拿破仑帝国崛起到“二战”结束,英国长期推行这一政策。先后经历了联合抗法(拿破仑战争时期组织反法同盟打败法国)→联合败俄(克里米亚战争中联合法国打败俄国)→联合抗德(19世纪末20世纪初联合法俄击败德国)→扶德抑法(“一战”后反对法国过分削弱德国,从政治、经济方面对德国加以扶植)→纵德反苏(20世纪30年代纵容德国法西…     

浅析拿破仑在埃及的文化思想政策和措施

浅析拿破仑在埃及的文化思想政策和措施孙国志１８世纪末的欧洲正处在拿破仑战争的剧烈震动中。拿破仑以资产阶级领袖的恢宏气度和胆识，在法国、在欧洲、在非洲把法国大革命的思想原则加以推行，并用他辉煌的军事胜利来巩固这些思想原则的传播和实行，从而开辟了一个资本...     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

Western and Eastern culture differences in commercial field

The communication of people partially is the communication of cultures. Culture has a direct effect on international commercial activities in all aspects. Different conceptions about time, space, equality, law and the like, lead people to deal with things in different ways. So to know cultures of the counterpart is to facil-itate our enterprises so as to have a smooth and successful communication in commercial activity.     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

风的曲线

Rosco and I wait for the fishermen to return.I sit at a wooden bench near the store at Mt.Baker Resort and watch the clouds change shape. Rosco has my belt around his neck and an eight foot tow chain hooked to a tree. Dogs must be on a leash. Ducks and rabbits are loose.     

团图为数的图中的闭团贯数

Given a graph G,a subgraph C is called a clique of G if C is a complete subgraph of G maximal under inclusion and |C|≥2. A clique-transversal set S of G is a set of vertices of G such that S meets all cliques of G. The clique-transversal number, denoted as TC (G), is the minimum cardinality of a clique-transversal set in G. The clique-graph of G, denoted as K (G), is the graph obtained by taking the cliques of G as vertices, and two vertices are adjacent if and only if the corresponding cliques in G have nonempty intersection. Let F be a class of graphs G such that F={G|K(G) is a tree}. In this paper the graphs in F having independent clique-transversal sets are shown and thus TC (G)/|G|≤1/2 for all G ∈ F.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.