错误观念转变的教学模式探讨

西方大量研究表明,学生认知结构中存在一些错误观念,这些错误观念影响学生后继的学习。转变错误观念有许多针对性的教学策略。错误观念转变的教学策略有着共同的理论,并遵循着共同的模式或框架。     

文化对大学生创业倾向的影响

采用回归的方法,选择在传统观念中有较大文化差异的温州与河南两个地区寻求创业倾向产生的支持性文化因素。实证结果表明,文化对创业倾向是有影响的;阳刚文化、成就导向文化、低权力距离文化是促进创业倾向的主要文化因素。基于此,从促进学生创业倾向的根源性文化入手提出培养学生强创业倾向的有关建议。这对现今强调创业教育、创业实践的大学教育,无疑具有重要的现实意义。     

Is physicality an important aspect of learning through science experimentation among kindergarten students?

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether physicality (actual and active touch of concrete material), as such, is a necessity for science experimentation learning at the kindergarten level. We compared the effects of student experimentation with Physical Manipulatives (PM) and Virtual Manipulatives (VM) on kindergarten students’ understanding of concepts related to the use of a beam balance as a means to compare and differentiate materials according to their mass. A pre-post comparison study design was used that involved four conditions, with 20 kindergarten students in each condition. The first and second conditions included students who had correct prior knowledge of what a balance beam does and who were given PM and VM, respectively, to use for the study's purposes. The third and fourth conditions included students who had an incorrect prior knowledge of what a balance beam does and who were also given PM and VM, respectively, to use. All conditions followed the same learning tasks, which was a series of experiments. The learning process occurred in the context of a clinical interview, which was used as a means to collect data before, during, and after the learning process. Findings revealed that kindergarteners learned more from experimentation in both PM conditions and the VM condition whose participants had correct prior knowledge of what a balance beam does than in the VM condition whose participants had an incorrect knowledge of what a balance beam does. Physicality appears to be a prerequisite for students’ understanding of concepts concerning the use of a beam balance, as a means to compare and differentiate materials according to their mass, only when the students have incorrect prior knowledge of what a beam balance does.     

Empirical studies and intelligent language tutoring

The research described in this paper addresses how a language tutoring system tackles a practical problem in learning a language — negative transfer (mother tongue influence). The empirical studies we have undertaken indicate that negative transfer is the most obvious explanation for most of the errors committed by first-year students in their study of Chinese grammar at the University of Durham. The results of our empirical studies accord with the views of experts on both negative transfer and the Chinese language. A language tutoring prototype (the Chinese Tutor) has been designed on the basis of the results of the empirical studies. The Chinese Tutor contains five models: the expert model, the student model, the diagnoser, the tutor model and the interface module. The five models work effectively together in order to ensure a successful tutorial session. A number of potential users from the Department of East Asian Studies at the University of Durham have used the Chinese Tutor with positive results. In this paper, we will first address issues in relation to empirical studies: the significance of empirical studies and the results of the empirical studies. We will then move on to some of the important design issues, i.e., how the problem of negative transfer is tackled by the Chinese Tutor, which includes discussions on how the rules in the mixed grammar are used for detecting arbitrary transfer errors; how the types of error made by the student are inferred; and how an appropriate tutorial strategy is selected. Finally, a tutorial session run by one of the students who has used the Chinese Tutor is presented and what the Chinese Tutor can offer to the students will also be addressed.     

英语阅读策略与认知风格关系的实验研究

在二语习得中,阅读是学生获得知识和信息的主要渠道。而阅读策略和认知风格,则是影响阅读效果的两个重要因素。通过实证研究,可分析出大学生阅读策略的使用和认知风格之间的关系,从而对英语教学,尤其是对阅读策略培训有所帮助。     

高校贫困生资助政策的效果研究

通过对全国不同地区11所高校贫困生资助工作进行抽样调查,并基于现行资助政策对受助学生身心发展影响的视角进行研究,可以发现现行高校贫困生资助政策的积极效应及存在的问题,还需要在加强贫困生认定的准确性、推进高校学生资助工作的信息化建设、建立立体资助体系等方面作出努力。     

Does working during higher education affect students’ academic progression?

This paper examines the effect of working during higher education on academic progression, in terms of number of credits acquired by first-year university students in Italy. We discuss different contrasting hypotheses on the role of employment during university on academic outcomes: the zero-sum perspective, the reconciliation thesis, the positive and the negative selection to work hypotheses. In the empirical part we analyze data from the Eurostudent survey, which collected data on a representative sample of university students who were enrolled in the academic year 2002/03, after the implementation of the ‘Bologna Process’. We use a negative binomial regression model considering work experience as an endogenous multinomial treatment. Results indicate that, conditional on observed covariates (socio-demographic variables, school-related and university-related variables), there is a positive self-selection into employment, especially for low-intensity work. Traditional multivariate regressions show a penalty in academic progression only for high-intensity workers, but once accounted for unobserved heterogeneity also the low-intensity work experience appears to negatively affect academic progression.     

Self learning of negative number concepts by lower division elementary students through solving computer-provided numerical problems

Research has identified difficulties in students' understanding of concepts of either signed or negative numbers and in operations on these numbers. The present study examines the feasibility of teaching certain negative number concepts and procedures to students of a much younger age than is presently done in schools. The method suggested employs the computer for promoting autonomous learning processes through solving challenging problems that are adapted to students' aptitudes, using the number line as an intuitive model. Two fourth grade classes served as the treatment and no-treatment groups. The findings support prior evidence that students have pre-instructional intuitions and informal knowledge of negative numbers and can perform simple operations on them. Such knowledge and intuitions show for high achievers to a much larger extent than for low achievers. Students' related misconceptions are also identified. Pre- and post-treatment tests and interviews reveal that students who received the treatment gained significantly more than those in the no-treatment group regarding all but one of the concepts and procedures of the negative numbers and on the overall score on the test. Low achievers gained at least as much as the high achievers, indicating that the method used here of adjusting the level of challenge to students' aptitude works well. Performing operations on negative numbers proves to be particularly difficult for the lower-achieving students.This research was supported by the BASIC RESEARCH FOUNDATION administered by the ISRAEL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES.     

五年制高职物理运用“理实一体化”教学实践与探究

物理学是建立在实验基础上的一门学科,传统的教学方式把理论和实验分离开,特别是对职业学校的学生来说,非常不利于知识的掌握与学习。通过课程改革,运用＂理实一体化＂教学可以弥补在教学上的不足。文章在充分分析传统教学模式的基础上,依据教学改革实践,提出了五年制高职物理运用＂理实一体化＂教学的过程及注意事项。     

二语写作中母语思维迁移影响实例分析

母语思维产生的负迁移会阻碍学习者二语写作水平的提高,许多教育研究者主张学习者在二语写作中避免母语思维而直接运用二语思维,从而规避负迁移对写作产生的阻碍。通过实例调查和分析,发现在二语写作中母语思维负迁移影响并不显著,因此＂避免母语思维＂的要求不能一概而论,应因人而异、合理要求。     

基于语言知识模式之汉语交际能力评量研究

本研究的目的是建立融入文化和语用知识的汉语交际能力测验。试题编制主要是参考CEFR语言交际的能力指标,同时涵盖43道个别和整合任务型的试题。本研究在测验的建置上,主要贡献有三:1)考虑华人文化知识和生活习惯等汉语使用时的情境和交际任务;2)考虑汉语交际时个别和整合型的任务;3)同时测量汉语交际能力及其三种领域(语言、社会语言和语用)能力。实证资料分析发现,女性华裔学生的汉语总体交际能力显著高于男性。其次由于侨居地接触汉语机会的高低不同,华裔学生在汉语语言能力上有显著的国别差异,但是在汉语社会语言和语用能力上则均没有显著的差异。     

Student Perceptions of a Secondary Postgraduate Certificate in Education Course

ABSTRACT

Recent proposals by the British government to radically reform initial teacher education have generated responses from both higher education and schools. The views of student teachers concerning their levels of satisfaction with current training have not been widely reported. This paper redresses the balance by collecting information from 122 Postgraduate Certificate of Education students who trained at the University of Birmingham, United Kingdom, in 1989 and 1990. Their responses are analysed in the context of the proposals for secondary courses which have moved from a recommendation that 80% should be school‐based to one which requires students to spend 24 out of 36 weeks in school. There is also reflection upon the arguments for reform put forward by various right wing institutions and individuals.     

目标教学模式在教学法中的应用

我国一些教育理论工作者和教师,为减轻学生课业负担,提高教学质量,克服教学中的随意性和盲目性,实现教学过程中的最优控制,提出了适合我国国情的教育目标体系和以“目标教学”为代表的实验模式。这一改革实验,引起了全国广大中小学教育工作者的广泛关注,许多人都在进行理论的研讨和实践的探索。我们把目标教学模式引入了高等教育的教学课堂,取得了一定成效。     

大学生网络交往调查研究

计算机技术的迅速发展及互联网的广泛使用,日益改变着人们的生活、学习和交往方式,特别是现代大学生,对网络虚拟世界表现出了积极的参与热情。课题以问卷方式调查研究大学生网络交往情况,分析研究当代大学生网络交往的动机和大学生网络交往中反映出来的主要社会问题,提出怎样正确引导大学生网络交往及解决大学生网络交往中反映的社会问题应采取的可行有效措施。     

大学生公共英语学习情况调查

用实证研究的方法,从课堂教学、课外学习,学习方法、学习动机和态度四方面对兰州师专学生的公共英语学习情况进行了调查研究,从中得出一些改进公共英语教学和学习的建议.     

汉维语音教研思维框架的转换

对语言教学存在的实际语音问题,要有针对性地进行语音研究。语音教学的研究不应只停留在对言语中的语音从物理角度进行静态描述,还应在此基础上寻找不同语言的语音系统所赋予的个人言语发音运动的共性,也就是所谓的“言语发音运动模式”,使第二语言学习者能够把握住所学语言言语发音的特点,在模仿发音时不会太盲目,而且有利于减少母语发音模式所带来的负迁移影响,进而掌握二语的标准发音。笔者以直观和整体的方法,分析并对比了维吾尔语和汉语的发音运动模式,针对汉维发音运动模式的差异,提出要进行有针对性的训练。     

Empirical Validity for a Comprehensive Model on Educational Effectiveness

Educational effectiveness research is often criticised because of the absence of a theoretical background. In our study we started out from an educational effectiveness model which was developed on the basis of educational theories and empirical evidence. We have tested the main assumptions of the model by reanalysing a large-scale longitudinal dataset which contains elementary school data of subsequent student cohorts, their teachers and their schools. We found some expected positive effects on achievement of individual classroom and school factors in the effectiveness model but these were not stable across school subjects and student cohorts. When factors were grouped into clusters the findings remained essentially the same. To interpret the clusters we made use of the concept of consistency, which refers to a balance between factors which may enhance effectiveness. Some teachers and schools are more consistent than others, but this does not affect the achievement of their students. Cross-level interaction effects were not found. The instability of effects makes it hard to suggest changes in the model at this moment.     

大学生非正式群体的管理策略

大学生非正式群体的存在是不可否认的事实,如何利用其积极因素,并因势利导转化其消极因素,就成了学校管理者不得不正视的问题。该文主要从这个角度,对加强大学生非正式群体教育管理的现实意义及其管理中存在的问题进行了初步的分析,并对其管理策略提出了相应的建议。     

Making sense of the minus sign or becoming flexible in ‘negativity’

This article focuses on the kinds of conceptual changes that occur when students have to deal with negative numbers in elementary algebraic operations. Interviews were carried out with twelve 8th-grade level students who were selected on the basis of their results in a test where they were required to reduce polynomials. The questions applied to their strategies and to the meaning they gave to the minus sign.The analysis of the students’ oral and written discourse attests to the presence of two major kinds of conceptual change: the first one results from students’ attempts to reconcile their arithmetical presuppositions about natural numbers and the algebraic rules required to operate with negatives. The nature of the second kind of conceptual change relates to the minus sign and develops through an enlarged understanding and a flexible use of what we called ‘negativity’. We argue that these two kinds of conceptual change cannot fully occur without the students developing a meta-conceptual awareness of their symbolizing activities.     

The Effect of Using a Visual Representation Tool in a Teaching-Learning Sequence for Teaching Newton’s Third Law

This paper presents a research-based teaching-learning sequence (TLS) that focuses on the notion of interaction in teaching Newton’s third law (N3 law) which is, as earlier studies have shown, a challenging topic for students to learn. The TLS made systematic use of a visual representation tool—an interaction diagram (ID)—highlighting interactions between objects and addressing the learning demand related to N3 law. This approach had been successful in enhancing students’ understanding of N3 law in pilot studies conducted by teacher-researchers. However, it was unclear whether teachers, who have neither been involved with the research nor received intensive tutoring, could replicate the positive results in ordinary school settings. To address this question, we present an empirical study conducted in 10 Finnish upper secondary schools with students (n?=?261, aged 16) taking their mandatory physics course. The study design involved three groups: the heavy ID group (the TLS with seven to eight exercises on IDs), the light ID group (two to three exercises on IDs) and the no ID group (no exercises on IDs). The heavy and light ID groups answered eight ID questions, and all the students answered four questions on N3 law after teaching the force concept. The findings clearly suggest that systematic use of the IDs in teaching the force concept significantly fostered students’ understanding of N3 law even with teachers who have no intensive tutoring or research background.