致力于更加公平的教育:义务教育政策三十年——基于改革开放30年义务教育政策与法制建设的思考

改革开放30年来,具有中国特色的义务教育法律体系初步形成,同时在政策领域,采取了小学升初中免试就近入学、均衡发展政策,针对社会弱势儿童实施了"两免一补"政策、随班就读政策、"两为主"政策等,形成了相对全面的普及和救助政策体系,致力于更加公平的教育是改革开放30年来义务教育政策和法制建设的主旋律。尽管如此,还存在着义务教育发展尚不均衡、弱势儿童的受教育机会尚未得到全面保障等突出问题。为此,要强化政府的义务教育公平责任,建立和完善保护儿童受教育权利的政策和法律机制,实现教育公共服务均等化,以保障每一个儿童都能上好学。     

History,nation and school inspections: the introduction of citizenship education in elementary schools in late nineteenth-century Sweden

It was in the late nineteenth century that teaching in Sweden’s elementary schools began its transformation from a religious education to a broader, national citizenship education that included history and geography. International research has pointed to a connection between the introduction of school inspections and the reform of public education during this period. In Sweden, however, the practice of inspection has not been explored at any length. This article therefore considers the part played by school inspections in the implementation of a more extensive curriculum in Swedish elementary schools in the period 1860–1900, with a particular focus on the subject of history, using a study of inspection reports from the diocese of Uppsala. It is argued that school inspectors had a key role in initiating reform at the local level, but also that the move towards broader-based citizenship education was not a simple, straightforward process.     

社会性别视角下的教育机会均等

以社会性别理论视角来考察和分析教育机会均等的问题,发现学生在入学机会、教育过程和教育结果上存在着种种性别不平等现象。要真正实现男女两性的教育机会均等,就必须要进一步完善相关的法律法规,建立各级性别公平化教育的监测机制,重新审视编订学校的教材,培养教师的性别平等意识并掌握相应的教育教学方法和技能,以有效促进性别公平化教育的实施和开展。     

Reshaping the Nordic education model in an era of efficiency. Changes in the comprehensive school project in Denmark,Norway, and Sweden since the millennium

The Nordic Education Model was an important part of the social democratic welfare state for many years in the second half of the 20th century. Since the millennium, transnational agencies have drawn education from the realm of politics into a global market place by advocating strategies such as efficiency, competition, decentralisation, governing by detailed objectives, control, privatisation, and profile schools. This article gives brief accounts of major trends in current school development policies, discourses, and practices in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden since the millennium, and explores how the values of the Nordic model are affected by the new policies. It is argued that the Nordic model still exists as the predominant system for the large majority of Scandinavian children at a national level, but that a number of new technologies aiming to increase the efficiency of teaching and learning are gradually undermining the main values of the Nordic model.     

‘Core Subjects’ Policy and Arts Education for the Rich

What happens to art education when the national school curriculum in Israel follows a ‘core subjects’ policy? Allocating only two hours for all five art subjects (visual arts, music, drama, dance and cinematic arts) that remain outside the core curriculum increases the social‐economic gap between children whose parents can fund their art education privately and children whose parents cannot afford this. This also has worrying consequences for art teachers (most of them women) deprived of job security.     

数字战略背景下瑞典义务教育阶段媒介信息素养政策变革

瑞典政府重视数字创新在国家和社会发展中的作用,于2017年实施"数字战略"。为提升瑞典国民的数字创新能力,瑞典教育部门将媒介信息素养教育融入义务教育阶段的课程大纲,不断深化瑞典教育领域改革,以适应国家经济社会发展需要。瑞典媒介信息素养教育可追溯到20世纪60年代,经历了强调培养学生媒介批判能力、注重培养学生媒介鉴赏能力和媒介参与意识、注重数字化社会公民培养等阶段。瑞典义务教育阶段媒介信息素养教育政策以民主价值观和平等教育观为原则,其政策的制定以国家创新战略为导向,与瑞典文化政策、传媒政策密切联系,服务于瑞典经济社会发展,强调政府部门、媒体机构和各类社会组织合作参与媒介信息素养教育。     

Classroom wall charts and Biblical history: a study of educational technology in elementary schools in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Sweden

This article considers the emergence of classroom wall charts as a teaching technology in Swedish elementary schools in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, using Biblical history teaching as an example. There has been some work done internationally on wall charts as an instructional technology, but few studies have looked at their use in Sweden. With a theoretical approach informed by Martin Lawn’s understanding of teaching technologies, this article shows that wall charts became both an important teaching object and a means of introducing new pedagogical ideas. A study of the official school inspectors’ reports shows that wall charts had spread to most local schools by the end of the nineteenth century, while an analysis of Biblical history textbooks and teaching guidelines shows that visual aids were increasingly integrated into the school curriculum. The wall charts themselves were initially imported, mainly from Germany, but by the end of the nineteenth century they were being produced in Sweden for the domestic market, in keeping with the National Romantic ideals of the day as well as with the new awareness of the importance of adapting images to use in classroom teaching.     

教育公平视野下义务教育“择校”问题研究

“择校”是我国义务教育领域的一大热点问题,有“收费择校”“关系择校”和“权利择校”之分,尤其是“收费择校”,教育理论界对此褒贬不一。从教育公平的角度,综合分析各家之言,以期对90年代以来我国择校问题的研究进展有一个相对全面的认识。     

义务教育学校实现教育公平的思考

教育公平是社会公平的基石,是人生公平的支点。实施素质教育就是最大的教育公平,加强学校软实力建设是实施教育公平的基础,努力提高教育质量是实施教育公平的途径,建设健全的教师队伍是实施教育公平的关键,以教育科研引领是实施教育公平的保障。     

Educational Inequality in the Minority Regions of Present Day China and Suggestions for the Government Regarding the Education Policy

Based on the research of new educational inequality in the minority regions of present day China, this article points out the importance of educational equality principle in government’s decision making and suggests that it should give top priority to ethnic minorities when distributing education resources, to develop their compulsory education and broaden their opportunities to enter into postcompulsory education by the “differentiated but equal” principle. Perfect education policies and mechanism and lifelong education system are also pivotal for the attainment of the goal of educational equality. Translated from Journal of Research on Education for Ethnic Minorities, 2005:2     

中国女子学校教育的发展:认识、视野、使命

中国女子学校产生、发展、消亡、复兴的历史,突出地反映了人们对“女子要不要受教育”以及“女子受怎样的教育”这两大焦点问题的探究与实践。人们对女子学校教育的认识不断加深、完整的过程,凸显出妇女观念从外在的、强调功利的工具性取向转变为内在的、张扬女性主体性的价值性取向,标志着人们正从一个封闭的单向思维模式及中与西、传统与现代二元对立的视域向开放的、多元化、理性化的方向发展。伴随着这一发展变化,女子教育发展的使命更加明确。     

An analysis of the GCE A* grade

The General Certificate of Education (GCE) A* grade was first awarded to students in 2010. It was introduced to assist higher education institutions in differentiating between the highest performing students and to promote and reward greater stretch and challenge. This paper, based on a synthesis of key policy documents, an analysis of quantitative data and a review of existing research, provides an analysis of the GCE A* grade. The paper begins by introducing the historical and political context that led to the introduction of the A* grade, drawing together policy documents and research carried out by the awarding bodies. The paper then presents an analysis of 2011 A-level data, considering the characteristics of students who achieve the grade and addressing concerns around equality and fairness. A further line of evidence concerns public confidence in the new grade, especially in relation to whether it is fulfilling its purposes. The paper concludes by identifying a number of policy lessons for the future of the GCE A* grade. Forthcoming reforms to the A-level will necessitate a reappraisal of the way A* is calculated: this paper will be a useful source of evidence with which to consider the issues.     

Technology for all: turning a keyword into a school subject in post-war Sweden

The decades following the Second World War saw strong technological development and economic growth. They also saw ‘the advent of technology education’, a period of extensive curriculum development in this field. But what was done and why? In order to obtain a better understanding of the historical roots of technology education, in this study the mid-century school reforms in Sweden are examined and, more specifically, the birth of the new subject of Technology (Teknik) in compulsory schools. In this article, the political forces driving the introduction and shaping of this new subject are emphasised. In a time of rapid transformations of educational systems and labour markets, the term Teknik proved to be a useful concept for policy-makers and reform technocrats. However, the subject came to re-create the inequalities of the earlier differentiated school system, despite its presence within the framework of a school ‘for all’.     

促进城乡义务教育均衡化发展路径研究

城乡儿童都必须接受义务教育,都应该享受同等的接受义务教育的权利。长期以来,城市义务教育在办学条件、质量以及教学投入上都明显优于农村义务教育,近年来这种状况依然存在,导致城乡义务教育非均衡化状况越来越严重。这种现象主要是由于中国在发展过程中城市偏向型政策的存在以及义务教育政策执行过程中保障机制不健全等原因导致。为了促进城乡义务教育均衡化发展,保障教育公平,政府必须完善相关政策、制度,并建立义务教育政策执行监督制度等保障措施。     

比较视域下我国义务教育阶段择校问题思考

择校现象已经是一种世界性的现象,择校政策也已经有很多国家在实行。探讨了这一现象在我国义务教育阶段产生的必然性,并观照了美、英、加三国择校政策的实施,经过思考,认为在中国现阶段国情下应该借鉴外国的一些经验做法,但并不适宜在全国范围内鼓励择校。     

Slippage and/or symbolism: gender,policy and educational governance in Scotland and Sweden

This article provides an overview and analysis of the relationship between gender, educational policy, and governance in Scotland and Sweden and the two countries’ response to European Union and global legislative and policy change. In Scotland, gender is mainly invisible in recent policies on inclusion, achievement beyond academic attainment, and the idealisation of the child. Gender is thus marginalised within a range of factors contributing to social in/equality. In Sweden, in contrast, gender has higher visibility in policy and governance as both an indicator of democracy and a means of preserving social democratic consensus and prosperity. However, recently its privileged position has come under attack. We draw on social capital, gender, and policy theory to analyse the range of influences on gender and educational governance in the two countries including that of the social capital of organised feminism.     

义务教育均衡发展的社会资本障碍及其政府治理

The balanced development of compulsory education, with a focus on the goal of educational equality, is both a matter of policy orientation and a practical educational issue. At present, people are mostly concerned with the unbalanced state of development of compulsory education, its causes, and issues regarding its administration. Various modes of production, policy choices, and institutional arrangements during different periods have been the practical, historical causes of differences in regional compulsory education, differences between urban and rural areas, and differences between schools. A direct consequence of the unbalanced development of compulsory education has been the emergence of irregularities in school selection. During the process of school selection, the strength of family and school social capital is increasingly influential, and it has increasingly negative effects: circumventing the policy of going to school near home, aggravating differences between families because of family and school social capital, and therefore damaging the prospect of educational equality. On this account, we present a constructive proposal for government policy to reduce the detrimental effects of social capital by means of reasonable policy choices and institutional arrangements. With prerequisite balanced allocation of school resources for compulsory education, the government reduces the role that family and social capital play in school selection and constructs a benignly competitive environment wherein school social capital works to placate social issues aroused by the intervention of the social capital of families and schools in school selection. __________ Translated by Zhang Lin from Beijing Shifan Daxue Xuebao (Shehui Kexue Ban) 北京师范大学学报 (社会科学版) (Journal of Beijing Normal University (Social Sciences)), 2008, (2): 24–32     

School educational project as a criterion of school choice: discourses and practices in the city of Barcelona

In its advancement towards an education quasi-market, Catalonia has recently been driving the development of school educational projects in all schools (both public and private) as a tool to facilitate school autonomy and family choices. A school educational project is a formal document in which schools identify their pedagogical goals, missions and orientations, their academic resources and organisational structures. Through the analysis of 60 in-depth interviews with parents of children at the age of commencing universal pre-primary education (three years old) and data collected from surveys completed by a representative sample made up of 3245 families, this article explores the impact of this policy on discourses and practices of school choice amongst families in the city of Barcelona. On the one hand, we observe that interest in educational projects has penetrated the discourses of the most educated parents, even though, at the same time, we detect a generalised lack of knowledge of the content of such projects. On the other hand, we note that the social composition of schools is still a prominent factor in choice practices. Such findings question the ideal of the autonomous and rational citizen-consumer that underlies the policy of establishing educational projects.     

青海藏区寄宿制学校教育氛围营造——基于教育生态学的思考

基于教育生态学的相关理论,以平衡观、整体观、系统观、动态观等教育生态学之视角,对青海藏区农村义务教育阶段寄宿制学校的现状加以探讨,分析其影响因素并探讨寄宿制学校建设中促进学生德、智、体、美、心理等素质全面发展的有效途径和策略。     

义务教育阶段择校现象透视

尽管我国明令禁止义务教育阶段的择校行为,但择校之风却日益盛行。那么义务阶段的择校到底是“是”还是“非”,有必要对此问题进行深入的探讨。“禁择令”的失灵启示我们需要理性思考滋养择校的土壤——教育资源不平衡和优质资源供求矛盾的激烈,认识到在教育资源均衡配置的前提下,择校追求差异平等存在其合理性。