A National Profile of Teacher Education Faculty: The Construction of an Online Survey

The purposes of this study were to examine the test-retest reliability of the PACER 20-m, multistage shuttle run and to examine the equivalence reliability of the mile run/walk and PACER from both a criterion-referenced and norm-referenced framework. All fourth- and fifth-grade children (N = 266) from one public school were administered two trials of the PACER and one trial of the mile run/walk (mean age = 10.5 ± 0.5 years). The percent of boys that passed the PACER (68%) was similar to the percent of boys that passed the mile run/walk (66%); however, the percent of girls that passed the PACER (96%) far exceeded the percent of girls that passed the mile run/walk (65%). Criterion-referenced reliability was estimated with proportion of agreement (Pa) and modified kappa (Kq) using FITNESSGRAM® (Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research, 1992) standards. Pa = .97 (Kq = .94) for girls and Pa = .82 (Kq = .65) for boys. The high level of agreement for girls was found because of the low criterion-referenced standards, which allowed 99 of 104 girls to pass both trials of the PACER. Criterion-referenced equivalence reliability of the mile run/walk and PACER was moderate for boys (Pa = .83, Kq = .65) and low for girls (Pa = .66, Kq = .33). The low level of classification agreement for girls was also explained by the low standards for the PACER for this age group. Thirty-four percent of the girls that passed the PACER failed the mile run/walk. Norm-referenced test-retest reliability of the PACER was estimated with an intraclass correlation (R_xx) from a one-way analysis of variance model. Reliability estimates were high for two trials (R_xx = .89 for boys and R_xx = .89 for girls) and acceptable for one trial (R_xx = .80 for boys and R_xx = .79 for girls). Pearson correlations between the mile run/walk and PACER were moderate (-.59≤r≤-.67). The moderate correlations between the mile run/walk and PACER and the low criterion-referenced...     

Norm-Referenced and Criterion-Referenced Validity of the One-Mile Run and PACER in College Age Individuals

The first purpose of this study was to determine the norm-referenced predictive validity of maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂) max estimated from the progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run (PACER, FITNESSGRAM®; Cooper Institute for Aerobic Research, Dallas, TX) performance by 3 separate formulas: the Leger, Mercier, Gadoury, and Lambert (1988) 8- to 19-year-old equation; the Leger et al. adult equation; and the Ramsbottom, Brewer, and Williams (1988) equation. Norm-referenced intraclass stability reliability coefficients (n = 19) were determined to be .96 for PACER and estimated VO₂ max values. Only the VO₂ max values estimated from the Leger et al. adult equation (47.29 ± 7.02 vs. 50.45 ± 8.01 rnL · kg^-1 · min^-1 measured; p < .0001) were shown to be valid (r = .82; standard error of estimate [SEE] = 4.59; Error = 5.58; percentage of participants whose measured VO₂ max fell within ± 4.5 mL · kg^-1 · min^-1 of estimated VO₂ max = 59.7; N = 60 female participants ± 59 male participants). The second purpose was to cross-validate the Cureton, Sloninger, O'Bannon, Black, and McCormack (1995) equation for the estimation of VO₂ max from the one-mile run (1-MR). The results (estimated VO₂ max = 48.06 ± 6.57 vs. 50.45 ± 8.01 rnL · kg^-1 · min^-1 measured; p < .0001; r= .82; SEE = 4.53; Error = 5.27; percentage = 61.7; N = 50 female ± 44 male participants) indicated a norm-referencedpredictive validity similar to the Leger et al. adult PACER equation. There was no significant difference between the VO₂max estimated by the Leger et al. 8- to 19-year-old and the Cureton et al. equations. Correlations between 1-MR time and measured VO₂ max (r = .78) and PACER laps and measured 90, maw (r = 33) supported norm-referenced concurrent validity in this population. The third purpose was to determine the criterion-referenced reliability and validity of the PACER and 1-MR. Criterion-referenced reliability indicated a proportion of agreement (P) of .95 and a modified Kappa (K) of .90 for PACER laps and estimated VO₂ max. A .88 proportion of correct classification decisions (c) with a phi coefficient (?) of .08 was determined for criterion-referenced validity of the Leger et al. adult equation. Comparable validity coefficients for the Cureton et al. equation were c = .97 and ? = .65. Criterion-referenced equivalence reliability (P) was .90 with a Kq of .80 for the 1-MR and PACER. It was concluded that (a) the Leger et al. (1988) adult equation is the preferred equation to use to estimate VO₂ max from PACER scores for college aged individuals; (b) the Cureton et al. (1995) equation is valid for estimating VO₂ max in college students from the 1-MR; and (c) the FITNESSGRAM® (Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research, 1992) criterion-referenced standards using data from the Cureton et al. and Leger et al. adult equations were both reliable and valid in this population. The 1-MR and the PACER may be used interchangeably in this age group to assess cardiovascular fitness either from performance scores or estimated VO₂ max if the Leger et al. adult equation is used for PACER VO₂ max prediction.     

Validation of criterion-referenced standards for the mile run and progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance tests

The purpose of this study was to validate criterion-referenced standards for cardiovascular endurance tests using the criterion-groups validation model. Adolescent boys and girls assigned to either untrained or trained groups were administered the mile run and Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) tests. Selection of optimal criterion standards was based on finding a cutting score that minimized the probability of misclassification errors and maximized the probability of making correct decisions based on participation in physical activity. The results of this study suggest that recent changes in FITNESSGRAM standards are appropriate, especially for the PACER test. While modifications of standards have corrected somewhat for disparities in passing rates between the mile run and the PACER, especially for girls, further study of standards is necessary.     

Determinants of success during triathlon competition

Eleven male triathletes were studied to determine the relationships between selected metabolic measurements and triathlon performance. Measurements of oxygen uptake (VO2), pulmonary ventilation (VE), and heart rate (HR) were made during submaximal and maximal 365.8 m freestyle swimming (FS), cycle ergometry (CE), and treadmill running (TR). Submaximal workloads were 1 m/s for swimming, 200 W for cycling, and 201.2 m/min for running. The mean VO2 max (l/min) was significantly (p less than .05) lower during FS (4.17) than CE (4.68) or TR (4.81). Swimming, cycling, and running performance times during the Muncie Endurathon (1.2 mile swim, 56 mile cycle, 13.1 mile run) were not significantly related to the event-specific VO2 max (ml/kg/min): -.49, -32 and -.55, respectively. The VO2 max expressed in l/min was found to be significantly (p less than .05) related to cycling time (r = -.70). A significant (p less than .05) relationship was observed between submaximal VO2 (ml/kg/min) during TM and run performance time (r = .64), whereas swimming and cycling performance times were significantly (p less than .05) related to submaximal VO2 max (l/min), r = .72 and .60, respectively. The percentage of VO2 (%VO2 max) used during the submaximal tests was significantly (p less than .05) related to swimming (.91), cycling (.78), and running (.86) performance times. Time spent running and cycling during triathlon competition was significantly (p less than .05) related to overall triathlon time, r = .97 and .81, respectively. However, swimming time was not significantly related (.30) to overall triathlon time. This study suggests that economy of effort is an important determinant of triathlon performance.     

Estimation of VO2max: a comparative analysis of five exercise tests

Thirty-eight female subjects (M +/ SD = 33 +/- 3.0 years) had VO2max measured on the cycle ergometer (M +/- SD = 37.3 +/- 6.4 ml.kg-1.min-1) and on the treadmill (M +/- SD = 41.3 +/- 6.6 ml.kg-1.min-1). VO2max was estimated for each subject from heart rate (HR) at submaximal workloads on the cycle ergometer using the Astrand-Rhyming nomogram (A/R) and the extrapolation method (XTP). VO2max was also estimated from three field tests: 1.5-mile run (RUN) (independent variable [IV] = time), mile walk (WALK) (IV = time, age, HR, gender, body weight), and the Queens College Step Test (ST) (IV = HR during 5-20 s recovery). Repeated measure ANOVA revealed significant mean differences between the criterion cycle ergometer VO2max versus A/R and XTP (20 and 12% overestimation). The WALK, RUN, and ST VO2max values were not significantly different from the criterion treadmill VO2max. The correlation between criterion VO2max estimated from the WALK and RUN were r = .73 (SEE = 4.57 ml,kg-1.min-1) and r = .79 (SEE = 4.13 ml.kg-1.min-1), respectively. The ST, A/R, and XTP had higher SEEs (13-13.5% of the mean) and lower r s (r = .55 to r = .66). These results suggest both the WALK and RUN tests are satisfactory predictors of VO2max in 30 to 39-year-old females.     

An analysis of the validity of the three-mile run as a field test of aerobic capacity in college males

The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the concurrent and construct validity of the three-mile (4.83 km) run as a field test of aerobic capacity. Subjects included 109 college-aged males whose three-mile run time (M = 1310.31 +/- 184.48 s) was measured. Fifty of the subjects were given a maximal treadmill stress test, and their peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) (M = 54.23 +/- 7.08 ml.kg-1.min-1) was measured. The three-mile run was conducted on an outdoor 0.25 mile (0.425 km) track, and split times were recorded each 110 yds (100.32 m) for the first and last laps and total time was recorded for laps 2 through 11. The correlation coefficient between the run time and VO2peak was -.58, indicating only moderate concurrent validity for the run as a field test for aerobic capacity. A factor analysis conducted on the split time data revealed a three-factor structure of a stable pace phase, an initial sprint, and a final sprint with the stable pace factor accounting for most of the common factor variance (69%). The three-mile run time was used to discriminate successfully between two known groups of subjects in aerobic capacity. These data provide a degree of support for the construct validity of the three-mile run as a field test of aerobic capacity.     

《国家学生体质健康标准》中心血管机能评价指标同质性的研究

为了分析《国家学生体质健康标准》中心血管功能评价指标的同质性和有效性,对16586名大学生进行体质健康测试,其中12202名大学生既参加台阶试验又参加800／1000m跑,而且为了得到最大摄氧量的数据,又选取参加台阶试验和800／1000m跑的学生195人进行12分钟跑测试。研究结果表明,大学生的台阶测试得分和耐久跑成绩得分有极其显著差异（P〈0．001）;男女大学生的台阶测试得分与耐久跑得分之间有显著相关性（男生r=0．347,Sig．=0．000;女生r=0．240,Sig．=0．000）,但都呈现低度相关;台阶测试和耐久跑指标之间同质性低;男大学生最大耗氧量与台阶试验测试值、台阶试验得分有显著线性相关关系（h=0．417,P〈0．001）;男大学生最大耗氧量与1000m跑运动成绩及得分之间也有显著线性相关关系（r2=0．616,P〈0．001）。女大学生最大耗氧量与台阶试验测试值、台阶试验得分无显著线性相关关系（r3=0．163,P〉0．05）。最大耗氧量与800m跑运动成绩及得分之间却存在显著线性相关关系（r4=0．464,P〈0．001）。     

A modified incremental shuttle run test for the determination of peak shuttle running speed and the prediction of maximal oxygen uptake.

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of subject drop-out on a multi-stage shuttle run test and a modified incremental shuttle run test in which speed was increased by 0.014 m x s(-1) every 20-m shuttle to avoid the need for verbal speed cues. Analysis of the multi-stage shuttle run test with 208 elite female netball players and 381 elite male lacrosse players found that 13 (+/-3) players stopped after the first shuttle of each new level, in comparison with 5 (+/-2) players on any other shuttle. No obvious drop-out pattern was observed on the incremental shuttle run test with 273 male and 79 female undergraduate students. The mean difference between a test-retest condition (n = 20) for peak shuttle running speed (-0.03+/-0.01 m x s(-1)) and maximal heart rate (0.4+/-0.1 beats x min(-1)) on the incremental test showed no bias (P > 0.05). The 95% absolute confidence limits of agreement were+/-0.11 m x s(-1) for peak shuttle running speed and+/-5 beats min(-1) for maximal heart rate. The relationship (n = 27) between peak shuttle running speed on the incremental shuttle run test (4.22+/-0.14 m x s(-1)) and VO2max (59.0+/-1.7 ml kg(-1) x min(-1)) was r= 0.91 (P< 0.01), with a standard error of prediction of +/-2.6 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1). These results suggest verbal cues during the multi-stage shuttle run test may influence subject drop-out. The incremental shuttle run test shows no obvious drop-out patten and provides a valid estimate of VO2max.     

A modified incremental shuttle run test for the determination of peak shuttle running speed and the prediction of maximal oxygen uptake

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of subject drop-out on a multi-stage shuttle run test and a modified incremental shuttle run test in which speed was increased by 0.014m.s-1 every 20-m shuttle to avoid the need for verbal speed cues. Analysis of the multi-stage shuttle run test with 208 elite female netball players and 381 elite male lacrosse players found that 13 (+/-3) players stopped after the first shuttle of each new level, in comparison with 5 (+/-2) players on any other shuttle. No obvious drop-out pattern was observed on the incremental shuttle run test with 273 male and 79 female undergraduate students. The mean difference between a test-retest condition (n= 20) for peak shuttle running speed (-0.03+/- 0.01m.s-1) and maximal heart rate (0.4+/- 0.1 beats.min-1) on the incremental test showed no bias (P > 0.05). The 95% absolute confidence limits of agreement were 0.11m.s-1 for peak shuttle running speed and +/-5 beats.min-1 for maximal heart rate. The relationship (n= 27) between peak shuttle running speed on the incremental shuttle run test (4.22+/- 0.14m.s-1) and VO2max (59.0+/- 1.7ml.kg-1.min-1) was r=0.91 (P< 0.01), with a standard error of prediction of 2.6ml.kg-1.min-1. These results suggest verbal cues during the multi-stage shuttle run test may influence subject drop-out. The incremental shuttle run test shows no obvious drop-out patten and provides a valid estimate of VO2max.     

The effects of prior incremental cycle exercise on the physiological responses during incremental running to exhaustion: relevance for sprint triathlon performance

It is common for the physiological working capacity of a triathlete when cycling and running to be assessed on two separate days. The aim of this study was to establish whether an incremental running test to exhaustion has a negative effect after a 5 h recovery from an incremental cycling test. Eight moderately trained triathletes (age, 26.2 +/- 3.4 years; body mass, 67.3 +/- 9.1 kg; VO2max when cycling, 59 +/- 13 ml x kg x min(-1); mean +/- s) completed an incremental running test 5 h after an incremental cycling test (fatigue) as well as an incremental running test without previous activity (control). Maximum running speed, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and the lactate threshold were determined for each incremental running test and correlated with the average speed during a 5 km run, which was performed immediately after a 20 km cycling time-trial, as in a sprint triathlon. There were no significant differences in maximum running speed, VO2max or the lactate threshold in either incremental running test (control or fatigue). Furthermore, good agreement was found for each physiological variable in both the control and fatigue tests. For the fatigue test, there were significant correlations between the average speed during a 5 km run and both VO2max expressed in absolute terms (r = 0.83) and the lactate threshold (r = 0.88). However, maximum running speed correlated most strongly with the average speed during a 5 km run (r = 0.96). The results of this study indicate that, under controlled conditions, an incremental running test can be performed successfully 5 h after an incremental cycling test to exhaustion. Also, the maximum running speed achieved during an incremental running test is the variable that correlates most strongly with the average running speed during a 5 km run after a 20 km cycling time-trial in well-trained triathletes.     

高中生“阳光长跑”无氧阈心率强度控制干预效果 王

目的通过实验研究建立青少年“阳光长跑”个体适宜强度(无氧阈心率)回归方程,以改变目前全国青少年“阳光长跑”中强度随意的现状。方法以我国X市3所(A、B、C)中学的高中生为样本,按随机抽样原则从中抽取研究对象,分2个阶段进行研究。①从3所中学高中各年级中抽取男、女生共593名,通过实验测试获得基础数据,以文献资料法和专家法筛选出的指标为自变量、无氧阈心率为因变量,建立个体无氧阈心率回归方程。②来自3所中学高二年级的学生(共204名),分别以3种模式[按照无氧阈心率强度(基于所建立的个体无氧阈心率回归方程)监控、不按强度但严格监控、不监控自主式]完成“阳光长跑”,12周后,比较实验前后3所中学高中生最大摄氧量(VO2max)、基础心率指标的变化情况。结果3所中学高中生按不同模式完成长跑后,其基础心率均未出现降低现象(P均大于0.05);A中学男、女生VO2max均出现不同程度增长现象(t=2.804,P<0.01;t=2.831,P<0.01);B中学女生VO2max出现一定程度增长现象(t=2.337,P<0.05),男生则未出现增长现象(t=0.574,P>0.05);C中学男、女生VO2max均未出现增长现象(P均大于0.05)。结论①所建立的高中生个体无氧阈心率回归方程可用于指导该群体在长跑中的适宜强度调节;②通过实证研究提出针对性建议,有助于“阳光长跑”的可持续性开展。     

Non-exercise estimation of VO(2)max using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire

Non-exercise equations developed from self-reported physical activity can estimate maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2)max) as well as submaximal exercise testing. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) is the most widely used and validated self-report measure of physical activity. This study aimed to develop and test a VO(2)max estimation equation derived from the IPAQ-Short Form (IPAQ-S). College-aged males and females (n = 80) completed the IPAQ-S and performed a maximal exercise test. The estimation equation was created with multivariate regression in a gender-balanced subsample of participants, equally representing five levels of fitness (n = 50) and validated in the remaining participants (n = 30). The resulting equation explained 43% of the variance in measured VO(2)max (SEE = 5.45 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)). Estimated VO(2)max for 87% of individuals fell within acceptable limits of error observed with submaximal exercise testing (20% error). The IPAQ-S can be used to successfully estimate VO(2)max as well as submaximal exercise tests. Development of other population-specific estimation equations is warranted.     

Physiological variables and performance markers of serving soldiers from two "elite" units of the British Army

The aim of this study was to compare selected physiological variables and performance markers of soldiers from two "elite" units of the British Army. Ten soldiers from each of the two units were recruited for this study (n = 20). All participants completed three tests while carrying a 20 kg backpack load: (1) a maximal treadmill test using the Bruce protocol; (2) a 2 mile backpack run test specific to Unit A on a consistently flat tarmac road; and (3) a 29 km time-trial over hilly terrain typical of a mountainous area used by Unit B for performance assessment. Heart rate, maximal blood lactate concentration and performance (run time) were assessed during all three tests, with peak oxygen uptake also being measured during the maximal treadmill test. Measurements of anthropometry, isokinetic strength and mental toughness (MT48) were also recorded. There were no significant differences in terms of performance markers between the units (P > 0.05). Performance on the maximal treadmill test correlated with performance on the 2 mile backpack run test (r = -0.57) and 29 km time-trial (r = -0.66). Performance on the 2 mile backpack run test in turn correlated with 29 km time-trial performance (r = -0.77), accounting for 59% of the variance. In conclusion, the maximal treadmill test and the 2 mile backpack run test are useful indicators of performance on the arduous hill march and could be employed in the screening and selection of potential recruits.     

An accurate VO2max nonexercise regression model for 18-65-year-old adults

The purpose of this study was to develop a regression equation to predict maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) based on nonexercise (N-EX) data. All participants (N = 100), ages 18-65 years, successfully completed a maximal graded exercise test (GXT) to assess VO2max (M = 39.96 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1), SD = 9.54). The N-EX data collected just before the maximal GXT included the participant's age; gender; body mass index (BMI); perceived functional ability (PFA) to walk, jog, or run given distances; and current physical activity (PA-R) level. Multiple linear regression generated the following N-EX prediction equation (R = .93, SEE = 3.45 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1), % SEE = 8.62): VO2max (mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)) = 48.0730 + (6.1779 x gender; women = 0, men = 1) - (0. 2463 x age) - (0.6186 x BMI) + (0.7115 x PFA) + (0.6709 x PA-R). Cross validation using PRESS (predicted residual sum of squares) statistics revealed minimal shrinkage (R(p) = .91 and SEE(p) = 3.63 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)); thus, this model should yield acceptable accuracy when applied to an independent sample of adults (ages 18-65 years) with a similar cardiorespiratory fitness level. Based on standardized beta-weights, the PFA variable (0.41) was the most effective at predicting VO2max followed by age (-0.34), gender (0.33), BMI (-0.27), and PA-R (0.16). This study provides a N-EX regression model that yields relatively accurate results and is a convenient way to predict VO2max in adult men and women.     

20-MST监测心肺功能变化的有效性及敏感性研究

目的:探讨20-MST监测普通大学生心肺功能变化的有效性及对运动训练的敏感性。方法:以32名男性大学生(实验组、对照组各16名)为研究对象,对实验组学生进行8周的有氧耐力训练干预,在实验前后分别测定VO2max、20-MST、库博12min跑、台阶试验四项指标,并对检测结果进行分析比较。结果:20-MST在实验前后与VO2max、12min跑成绩高度相关,与台阶指数低度相关;实验后,各指标均有显著增长,20-MST的增量最明显。结论:20-MST是一种间接评价心肺功能、判断训练效果的有效方法,它对评价运动训练引起心肺功能适应性变化的敏感性高于VO2max。     

The reliability and validity of the 20-meter shuttle test in American students 12 to 15 years old.

The purpose of this study was threefold: to determine (a) the test-retest reliability of the 20-m shuttle test (20 MST) (number of laps), (b) the concurrent validity of the 20 MST (number of laps), and (c) the validity of the prediction equation for VO2max developed by Léger, Mercier, Gadoury, and Lambert (1988) on Canadian children for use with American children 12-15 years old. An intraclass coefficient of .93 was obtained on 20 students (12 males; R = .91 and 8 females; R = .87) who completed the test twice, 1 week apart (MT1 = 47.80 +/- 20.29 vs. MT2 = 50.55 +/- 22.39 laps; p > or = .13). VO2peak was obtained by a treadmill test to volitional fatigue on 48 subjects. The number of laps run correlated significantly with VO2peak in males (n = 22; r = .65; F [1, 20] = 14.30 p < or = .001), females (n = 26; r = .51; F [1, 24] = 8.34; p < or = .01), and males and females = (r = .69; F [1, 46] = 42.54, p < or = .001). When the measured VO2peak (M = 49.97 +/- 7.59 ml.kg-1.min-1) was compared with the estimated VO2max (M = 48.72 +/- 5.72 ml.kg-1.min-1) predicted from age and maximal speed of the 20 MST (Léger et al., 1988) no significant difference was found, t (47) = -1.631; p > or = .11, between the means; the r was .72 and SEE was 5.26 ml.kg-1.min-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Feasibility and concurrent validity of a cardiorespiratory fitness test based on the adaptation of the original 20 m shuttle run: The 20 m shuttle run with music

ABSTRACT

The purpose was to examine the feasibility of the 20m shuttle run test with music and to test its concurrent validity with the original 20m shuttle run test. A total of 386 adolescents (14.5±1.6 years old, 48.9% boys) participated in our study. A self-reported questionnaire was used to assess student’s perception about the 20m shuttle run test with music and the original and to assess perceived exertion. Participants performed randomly the 20m shuttle run test with music and original two weeks apart. Average and maximum heart rate were monitored with heart rate monitors. The 20m shuttle run with music was a feasible test for measuring cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents. The concurrent validity showed mean differences of 5.1±14.6 for shuttles, 0.3±0.8 km/h for speed, 0.5±4.1 for stages, and 1.5±4.1 for VO2max (all p<0.001) in favour of the 20m shuttle run with music vs. the original 20m shuttle run test. Mean difference for the rating of perceived exertion was 0.4±2.5 points (p=0.003). No significant difference was found between boys and girls. In conclusion, the 20mSRT-music is feasible and presents a good concurrent validity in adolescents, independently of the sex and it will be an alternative and good approach to assess cardiorespiratory fitness.     

The multistage 20 metre shuttle run test for aerobic fitness

A maximal multistage 20 m shuttle run test was designed to determine the maximal aerobic power of schoolchildren, healthy adults attending fitness class and athletes performing in sports with frequent stops and starts (e.g. basketball, fencing and so on). Subjects run back and forth on a 20 m course and must touch the 20 m line; at the same time a sound signal is emitted from a prerecorded tape. Frequency of the sound signals is increased 0.5 km h-1 each minute from a starting speed of 8.5 km h-1. When the subject can no longer follow the pace, the last stage number announced is used to predict maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) (Y, ml kg-1 min-1) from the speed (X, km h-1) corresponding to that stage (speed = 8 + 0.5 stage no.) and age (A, year): Y = 31.025 + 3.238 X - 3.248A + 0.1536AX, r = 0.71 with 188 boys and girls aged 8-19 years. To obtain this regression, the test was performed individually. Right upon termination VO2 was measured with four 20 s samples and VO2max was estimated by retroextrapolating the O2 recovery curve at time zero of recovery. For adults, similar measurements indicated that the same equation could be used keeping age constant at 18 (r = 0.90, n = 77 men and women 18-50 years old). Test-retest reliability coefficients were 0.89 for children (139 boys and girls 6-16 years old) and 0.95 for adults (81 men and women, 20-45 years old).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

肥胖对大学生心肺功能和身体素质影响的实验比较研究

目的：探究肥胖对大学生心肺功能和身体素质的影响,为肥胖大学生制定科学的运动处方和体育教学提供参考依据。方法：将研究对象分为实验组和对照组。实验组为肥胖大学生,对照组为正常体重大学生,运用quarkb2型运动心肺功能测试仪测得受试者的最大摄氧量、氧脉搏、肺通气量等指标。在运动场测得受试者引体向上、立定跳远、50m跑和1 000m跑成绩,运用SPSS11.0统计软件对测试数据作差异统计学分析。结果：实验组的最大摄氧量绝对值大于对照组,而最大摄氧量相对值表现为对照组大于实验组。无氧阈表现为对照组大于实验组。氧脉搏绝对值表现为实验组大于对照组,相对值为对照组大于实验组。肺通气量绝对值表现为实验组大于对照组,而相对值表现为对照组大于实验组。对照组的四项身体素质测试成绩均明显好于实验组。结论：①由于多余体脂的影响,肥胖大学生的有氧耐力比较差。②肥胖者的最大摄氧量、最大氧脉搏绝对值高于正常体重者,是个体为克服过多体脂造成的过重负荷而表现出的生理性代偿。③肥胖大学生的骨骼肌对VO2max的利用率比较低。④肥胖是影响大学生心肺功能和身体素质的一个不良因素。     

Effects of acute 60 and 80% VO2max bouts of aerobic exercise on state anxiety of women of different age groups across time

The purpose of this investigation was to study the effects of an acute bout of aerobic exercise on state anxiety of women while controlling for iron status (hemoglobin and serum ferritin). Participants were 24 active women, ages 18-20 years (n = 12) and 35-45 years (n = 12). In addition to a nonexercise control condition, participants completed one exercise bout at 60% maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and one at 80% VO2max. Each exercise session consisted of a 33-min bout in which participants exercised at their target intensities for a 20-min segment. Immediately before each exercise trial, participants were given the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory (SAI). The SAI was again administered immediately following the exercise session and at 30, 60, and 90 min postexercise. Data were analyzed using an Age x Intensity x Time (2 x 3 x 5) repeated measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with iron status serving as the covariate. The ANCOVA on state anxiety yielded significant effects for time (p < .0001, eta2(p) = .48), the Intensity x Time interaction (p = .0006, eta2(p) = .19), and the Intensity x Age interaction (p = .04, eta2(p) = .15). All three exercise conditions (including control) showed a decline in state anxiety across time, but the 80% VO2max condition showed a sharper decline. Intensity of exercise conditions did not differ in state anxiety at baseline or immediately after exercise, but a difference favoring the 80% VO2max condition over the control condition emerged at 30 min postexercise. After controlling for iron status, older women who exercised at 80% VO2max exhibited lower SAI scores compared to the control condition.