烟草花叶病的综合防治研究

我省烟草花叶病主要由蚜虫传毒引起,即使采用高效杀虫剂将蚜虫杀死,但因获毒和传毒速度极快,往往在蚜虫被杀死前已将病毒传入寄主体内,故发病率仍很高。实践证明,以传统的药剂治蚜防治烟草花叶病的方法是失败的。作者采用网罩育苗,培育出无病壮亩,移栽后覆盖银膜避蚜防病的综合防治措施,对烟草花叶病的防治效果达90％以上。     

感染新疆甜瓜的南瓜花叶病毒的鉴定

从感染病毒病的新疆甜瓜中分离到一株属于豇豆花叶病毒科的球形病毒，该株病毒在人工接种条件下可经汁液传播侵染属于3科的9种草本植物，但仅在葫芦科植物上才引起较为严重的系统侵染症状；该病毒可经叶甲以非持久性方式传播，但经桃蚜则不能传播，且染病组织粗汁液和提纯病毒制备物在SDS双向免疫扩散试验和酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)南瓜花叶病毒抗血清发生强烈的免疫反应；该病毒的病毒粒子为直径28～30nm的球形病毒粒子，以差速离心和蔗糖密度梯度离心提纯了该病毒，纯化病毒的A260／A280为1．60；用提纯病毒制备了ELISA试验效价为1：10^11的兔子抗血清；该病毒可经染病甜瓜和西葫芦果实的种子分别以2．0％和2．6％的种子带毒率传播．该株病毒被证明应属于南瓜花叶病毒的一个株系，建议将此株病毒称为南瓜花叶病毒新疆株(Squash mosaic virus-Xingjiang，SqMV-XJ)抗血清；该病毒可经染病甜瓜和西葫芦果实的种子分别以2．0％和2．6％的种子带毒率传播，证明该株病毒被应属于南瓜花叶病毒的一个株系，建议将此株病毒称为南瓜花叶病毒新疆株(Squash mosaic virus-Xinjiang，SqMV-XJ)。     

八种农药防治桃蚜的药效试验研究

通过八种农药田间防治桃蚜的试验得出：药后7d,1.8%的阿维菌素乳油防治效果最好,校正防效达100%;25%喹硫磷乳油1000倍液、10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂3000倍液、5%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂2000倍夜、4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油2500倍液、2.5%功夫乳油1000倍液,校正防效分别为99.93%,99.69%,98.84%,97.78%,95.21%.以上药剂可在防治桃蚜时交替使用。     

蓖麻毒蛋白对泥鳅红细胞凋亡的诱导

分别用浓度0.02、0.04、0.06、0.08和0.10g/L的蓖麻毒蛋白对泥鳅进行急性毒性试验,在染毒处理第1、3、7、11d时将泥鳅断尾制血涂片,观察红细胞的凋亡情况.结果表明：蓖麻毒蛋白对泥鳅红细胞的凋亡具有明显的浓度和时间依赖性;染毒初期,泥鳅红细胞的凋亡率随蓖麻毒蛋白浓度的升高而不断增加;随染毒处理时间的延长,凋亡率曲线达峰值,随后凋亡率曲线不断降低,整个凋亡率曲线呈抛物线形.结论：蓖麻毒蛋白能诱导泥鳅红细胞凋亡.     

WMV-2感染引起甜瓜植株苯丙氨酸解氨酶和叶绿素的变化

研究了西瓜花叶病毒-2新疆株（Watermelon mosaic virus-2-XJ,WMV-2-XJ）感染抗性不同的甜瓜品种后苯丙氨酸解氨酶和叶绿素含量的变化.与健康对照植株相比,受感染植株的酶活性均有所增高,但抗性品种“新玉”增高的幅度是感性品种“网纹香”的2倍,酶活性峰早出现12天,即抗性品种酶活性增高幅度大,酶活性峰出现早,叶绿素的变化则与抗性呈负相关,抗性品种“新玉”受WMV-2-XJ感染后的叶绿素含量与健康对照差异不大,而感性品种“网纹香”的叶绿素含量则比健康对照下降了62.9%.苯丙氨酸解氨酶和叶绿素含量的变化均与甜瓜品种对WMV-2-XJ的抗性呈现规律性的相关性,这种规律性可用于甜瓜品种对WMV-2-XJ 抗性鉴定的生物化学分析.     

探究蚜虫的生物防治方法

实验用辣椒、大蒜、草木灰等三种植物水浸液对莴苣指管蚜进行室内防治效果测定,测定方法采用虫体与饲料同时喷药.结果表明：辣椒2倍液对莴苣指管蚜杀虫效果最高,达97.5%,大蒜2倍液对莴苣指管蚜的杀虫效果为89.0%,草木灰5倍液对莴苣指管蚜杀虫效果为83.1%;三种植物水浸液对莴苣指管蚜的杀虫适宜浓度分别为：辣椒2倍液、大蒜2倍液和草木灰5倍液.在实践应用中以辣椒最具实用价值.此外,学生从生产实践中的问题出发,结合课本理论,探究出蚜虫的常见植物防治方法;同时,他们也得到科学素养的熏陶.     

几种植物提取液对甘蓝蚜虫的防治效果

试验用臭椿、木槿、泽漆等三种植物浸提的水剂对甘蓝蚜进行室内毒力测定 ,测定方法采用虫体与饲料同时喷药 ,毒力效果由胃毒作用和触杀作用共同构成。结果表明 ,臭椿根 4倍液对甘蓝蚜杀虫效果最高 ,达 90 .6% ,木槿皮 2倍液对甘蓝蚜杀虫效果为 87.8% ,泽漆 2倍液对甘蓝蚜杀虫效果为 84.9% ;三种植物浸提的水剂对甘蓝蚜的杀虫适宜浓度分别为 :臭椿根 4倍、泽漆 2倍、木槿皮 2倍。三种植物中臭椿最具研究开发潜力。     

竹炭-有机复合吸附剂对Cu~(2+)吸附行为研究

研究了竹炭及其改性体粒径、用量、吸附时间、温度及铜离子(Cu2+)初始浓度等因素对Cu2+吸附效果的影响。结果表明:竹炭及其改性体对Cu2+吸附率随粒径减小而增大,用量增加而增大;Cu2+初始浓度增大,吸附率减小;对Cu2+吸附平衡约2h;最佳吸附温度为20—40℃,pH为3—4。改性体2效果最佳,30—50目粒径时去除率达99%以上,当溶液浓度为1.26g/L时,其比吸附量最大,为95.8mg/g。     

不同苯酚浓度下耐酚优势菌的活力比较

采用耐酚能力达1760mg/L的3株优势菌W1，M2，W2，在不同苯酚浓度下研究了各自的降酚活力差异。结果表明：三种耐酚优势菌对苯酚都有较好的降解能力。在相同时间内降解率均随浓度的的升高而减缓。随接种时间的延长而增长。以W1尤为明显，对500mg/L及其以下的含酚废水24h可降解完全，对993.2mg/L以上的高浓度含废水在72h也有较好的降解作用。W1与W2的活力相近，M2的活力相对较弱。     

P2P应用层多播协议模型RLP2P的仿真与分析

数据通道质量、鲁棒性和控制开销是表征应用层多播性能质量的三个重要指标.对可扩展基于域的多层结构P2P应用层多播协议模型RLP2P的综合性能进行了仿真分析,通过与Narada应用层多播协议模拟对比分析表明,数据通道的伸展率优于Narada协议,增加5%;在链路和节点上产生的压力比Narada协议减少25%以上,且分布均匀,特别是多播组成员增加时尤其显著;控制开销比Narada协议减少60%以上,在域内节点数为100,其控制开销小于等于1Kbps,且维持在一个很低的水平;节点加入和非正常离开时的最大丢包率小于1%;Query消息平均延迟为8.5×10-2s,减少延迟达30%.     

Quantitative assessment of the infection rate of the entomophthoraceous fungus, Zoophthora anhuiensis against the green peach aphid Myzus persicae

A two-step method was developed to quantitatively assess the infection rate of the entomophthoraceous fungus, Zoophthora anhuiensis (Li) Humber, on the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Firstly, a standard time-dose-mortality relationship, established by modeling data from bioassay 1 at varying conidial dosages (0.4-10.4 conidia/mm2) of Z. anhuiensis F97028, was used to yield an estimate of expected mortality probability at a given dosage. Secondly, bioassay 2 was conducted by simultaneously exposing six ≤4-day-old nymphal colonies to a shower of Z. anhuiensis conidia at each of four dosages (resulting from exposures of 0.3-8.0 min). Subsequently, the colonies were separately immersed in a 0.1% chlorothalonil solution for 0.5 min to disinfect all surviving conidia on the host integument from 1-12 h after exposure under temperature treatments of 15 and 20℃, respectively. The infection rate during a specific period from the end of the exposure to the immersion was then estimated as the ratio of the observed mortality over the expected mortality probability at a particular dosage. The results showed that the infection of M. persicae from Z. anhuiensis was highly rapid with little difference between aphid colonies maintained at 15 and 20℃ before being immersed in the fungicidal solution after exposure. The first 6-hour period after exposure was most crucial to successful infection of the fungus with the infection rate greatly depending on conidial dosages. It took ≤1 h to infect>50% of the aphids at a dosage of >1.5 conida/mm2 and >90% at >50 conidia/mm2.     

烟蚜种群增长模型的研究

于1990年,对烟草苗期蚜虫种群动态进行了系统观察,表明了烟蚜种群增长呈logistic曲线增长。     

Quantitative assessment of the infection rate of the entomophthoraceous fungus,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Zoophthora anhuiensis</Emphasis> against the green peach aphid Myzus persicae

A two-step method was developed to quantitatively assess the infection rate of the entomophthoraceous fungus,Zoophthora anhuiensis (Li) Humber, on the green peach aphid,Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Firstly, a standard time-dose-mortality relationship, established by modeling data from bioassay 1 at varying conidial dosages (0.4–10.4 conidia/mm²) ofZ. anhuiensis F97028, was used to yield an estimate of expected mortality probability at a given dosage. Secondly, biossay 2 was conducted by simultaneously exposing six ≤4-day-old nymphal colonies to a shower ofZ. anhueinsis conidia at each of four dosages (resulting from exposures of 0.3–8.0 min). Subsequently, the colonies were separately immersed in a 0.1% chlorothalonil solution for 0.5 min to disinfect all surviving conidia on the host integument from 1–12 h after exposure under temperature treatments of 15 and 20°C, respectively. The infection rate during a specific period from the end of the exposure to the immersion was then estimated as the ratio of the observed mortality over the expected mortality probability at a particular dosage. The results showed that the infection ofM. persicae fromZ. anhuiensis was highly rapid with little difference between aphid colonies maintained at 15 and 20°C before being immersed in the fungicidal solution after exposure. The first 6-hour period after exposure was most crucial to successful infection of the fungus with the infection rate greatly depending on conidial dosages. It took ≤1 h to infect >50% of the aphids at a dosage of >1.5 conida/mm² and >90% at >50 conidia/mm². Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 39870513) and the Cheong Kong Scholars Programme, State Education Ministry of China     

固原地区林木主要害虫分布及发生特点

在调查宁夏固原地区六县一局9种主要林木害虫的基础上，通过对其分布区域、发生率、寄主植物种类、危害特性及天敌状况的分析研究，总结出它们在固原地区分布发生的特点及存在的成因，为今后的防治工作提供必要的科学依据。     

梅园节肢动物群落优势种分析

应用系统调查和能流量法分析了梅园节肢动物群落优势种,结果表明:不论数量和能流量分析,梅园节肢动物群落的主要害虫优势种均为朝鲜球坚蚧和桃蚜;而天敌优势种数量和能流量分析分别为黑缘红瓢虫、红点唇瓢虫和黑缘红瓢虫、草间小黑蛛.     

“多肽保”防控烟草病害的有效技术探究

为了在烟叶生产上有效利用植物有机诱导抗病剂＂多肽保＂,降低使用成本实现效益最大化.2011年,以不防病为空白对照,设置＂多肽保＂不同施用量和施用方式的11个处理,与当前生产上采取的化学防治措施的防效相比较.结果表明：1）＂多肽保＂仅苗期施用量0.1～0.2 g/株,有利于烟株的生长发育和获得较好的经济效益,增产、增值幅度分别达到25.0%和35.5%;苗期施用量达到或超过0.4 g/株对烟株生长及丰产会造成不利影响,在苗期及大田期同时施用并不能改变这一结果.2）＂多肽保＂仅苗期施用量0.1～0.6 g/株,对烟草黑胫病的平均防效为60.12%,而常规对照防效为53.37%,若在苗期及大田期同时施用也几乎不能改变这一结果;苗期施用量达到或超过0.8 g/株会严重影响到防治效果.3）＂多肽保＂对烟草花叶病的防效,在苗期和大田期同时施用表现为叠加效应,其防效可达到93.44%,而常规对照的防效仅为61.7%;苗期施用量达到或超过0.2 g/株,在移栽时不施的情况下也能表现出良好的防效.     

Developmental characteristics and response to iron toxicity of root border cells in rice seedlings

To investigate the Fe2 effects on root tips in rice plant, experiments were carded out using border cells in vitro. The border cells were pre-planted in aeroponic culture and detached from root tips. Most border cells have a long elliptical shape. The number and the viability of border cells in situ reached the maxima of 1600 and 97.5%, respectively, at 20～25 mm root length. This mortality was more pronounced at the first 1～12 h exposure to 250 mg/L Fe2 than at the last 12～36 h. After 36 h, the cell viability exposed to 250 mg/L Fe2 decreased to nought, whereas it was 46.5% at 0 mg/L Fe2 . Increased Fe2 dosage stimulated the death of detached border cells from rice cultivars. After 4 h Fe2 treatment, the cell viabilities were≥80% at 0 and 50 mg/L Fe2 treatment and were <62% at 150, 250 and 350 mg/L Fe2 treatment; The viability of border cells decreased by 10% when the Fe2 concentration increased by 100 mg/L. After 24 h Fe2 treatment, the viabilities of border cells at all the Fe2 levels were <65%; The viability of border cells decreased by 20% when the Fe2 concentration increased by 100 mg/L. The decreased viabilities of border cells indicated that Fe2 dosage and treatment time would cause deadly effect on the border cells. The increased cell death could protect the root tips from toxic harm. Therefore, it may protect root from the damage caused by harmful iron toxicity.     

基于背景分离与亮度校正的苹果表面缺陷提取

苹果是我国年产量最高的水果,但出口量不足总产量的 2%,采用基于图像处理的水果表面缺陷检测技术可促进水果的分级与销售。以红富士苹果为研究对象,首先采集苹果的 RGB 图像,并根据转换公式得到图像的 HSV 彩色模型,对饱和度 S 分量进行阈值分割与孔洞填充,获得苹果背景分离模板|然后根据背景分离模板得到 R 分量的背景分离图,并对分离背景后的 R 分量进行亮度校正|最后采用单阈值分割法提取缺陷。实验共采集 300 个苹果样本,包括缺陷果 200 个,正常果 100 个,其中对缺陷果的识别率达到 96.5%,对正常果的识别率达到 100%。实验结果表明,采用 S 分量获取背景分离模板,并结合亮度校正算法,可在不增加额外拍摄装置的情况下获得较好的缺陷提取效果。     

棉花施用惠满丰有机复混肥增产效应研究

在当季不施肥,皮棉产量50kg/667m~2以上的生产条件下,棉花施用惠满丰有机复混肥30-70kg/667m~2,伏前桃增加1-1.5个,株高增加9.9-17.1cm,茎粗增加0.2-0.8mm,有效果枝增加约1.3个,单株成铃数增多1.1-3.1个,单铃重约增加0.4-0.5g,霜前花率提高3-9个百分点,衣分、子指也有所提高,比对照增产皮棉14.1-31.8kg/667m~2,增幅27.4％-61.1％(平均45％)。在等养分量情况下,惠满丰有机复混肥肥效优于化肥。惠满丰有机复混肥的经济合理施肥量为70kg/667m~2。