An investigation into the cause of corrosion on indoor bronze sculpture

Abstract

Corrosion noted on a number of nineteenth and twentieth century indoor bronze sculptures in the collection of the National Gallery of Canada was the cause for a major condition survey of its Canadian, American, and European bronzes. The results led to a comprehensive study, which included material analysis. This article outlines the steps undertaken to determine the extent and type of corrosion, its possible cause(s), and potential remediation. The survey included 136 bronzes, of which 40 were selected for an in-depth study. Indoor air quality tests of the current building, housing the collection since 1988, were carried out. The dossiers and database records of the selected sculptures were reviewed to investigate their condition, treatment, and storage history. The metal, patina, and corrosion products were subjected to analysis. More areas of corrosion were generally associated with predominantly green patinas and chloride-containing compounds identified in either patina or corrosion samples. The most frequently identified compounds in the patina samples were atacamite, a copper(II) chloride hydroxide, and cuprite, a copper(I) oxide. The most frequently identified compounds in the corrosion samples were atacamite and rouaite, a copper(II) hydroxide nitrate. The analysis determined that the current environment is not contributing to the surface alterations of the sculptures; however, past storage conditions, chemical residues from artificial patination, and likely casting residues are the main causes of the current condition.     

The impact of chloride desalination on the corrosion rate of archaeological iron

Abstract

Although desalination of archaeological iron reduces its chloride concentration and enhances object stability, the reduction in corrosion rate that this produces has never been quantified. This study measures post-treatment corrosion rates in accelerated corrosion environments to identify the impact of removing chloride ions on corrosion rate. Thirty-five archaeological iron nails, treated individually in either alkaline sulphite or nitrogen-deoxygenated sodium hydroxide, were exposed to 75°C and 75% relative humidity together with 31 untreated objects from the same archaeological sites. Object weight change and visual examination of physical change before and after the test period were used to monitor corrosion. 77% of treated objects showed no weight gain and no visible signs of corrosion, while 90% of untreated objects did corrode. The impact of chloride on corrosion of untreated objects was clearly established by a significant linear correlation between chloride content and weight gain. Treated objects with <400 ppm chloride content showed no corrosion behaviour. Corrosion of treated objects was attributed to incomplete treatment: 93% of objects treated to <5 mg/l Cl^? in the final solution bath displayed no corrosion behaviour. Based on these results, desalination of iron objects to enhance their stability offers a valuable option for reducing corrosion rates of archaeological iron, which should increase object lifespan. The results also raise the question of whether low levels of post-treatment residual chloride produce corrosion of any significance. Answering this will be an important step forward for managing the preservation of archaeological iron.     

Capitalizing on the look: insights into the glance,attention economy,and Instagram

This article argues for the reconceptualization of the glance as more than a phenomenological orientation and a means of perceiving the world. I propose that the glance is a key feature of our attention economy, which positions attention as the most valuable commodity. By examining the technical infrastructure of the social media site Instagram, I argue that (1) the glance is implicated in the name itself and the interface design of the site; (2) the glance orients the user to a specific type of user behavior; and (3) the glance functions as a precursor to social and economic capital. I argue that this reconceptualization of the glance in relation to the attention economy demonstrates how the glance is becoming a dominant mode of seeing and thus affecting social and economic behavior.     

The impact of sex,gender, and cognitive complexity on the perceived importance of teacher communication skills

The current study examines student perceptions of the importance of selected communication skills for the teacher‐student relationship. Seven of eight communication skills identified in previous research (Burleson & Samter, 1990; Frymier & Houser, 2000) were perceived by students to be important in the teacher‐student relationship. These included referential, ego supportive, regulative, persuasive, conversational, narrative, and conflict management skills. This study sought to explain differences in student perceptions by examining student biological sex, psychological gender, and cognitive complexity. Psychological gender was superior to biological sex as a predictor of six of eight communication skills. Masculine/instrumental individuals reported expectations for teachers' use of persuasive, conversational, and narrative communication skills, while feminine/expressive individuals perceived ego supportive, regulative, and referential skills as important to effective teaching. Finally, cognitive complexity was positively associated with regulative skill and negatively related to narrative and persuasive skills. Implications for instructional research and effective teaching are discussed.     

古籍修复档案价值属性及其应用

古籍修复档案是修复实践活动的具体过程与本来面貌的真实记录和反映,有着丰富的内涵构成,具有科学研究、规范管理和古籍整理的价值属性,基于价值属性构建的古籍修复档案,对于建立古籍修复研究教育机制、转变修复工作管理模式和推动古籍整理都具有重要的意义.     

数据库特殊权利保护新进展:案例、问题和策略

欧盟"特殊权利"保护已实施10年,但并未如预期的促进欧洲数据库产业快速发展.文章揭示了特殊权利保护在司法实践中显露的问题以及它对欧洲数据库产业的影响,认为必须完善欧盟"数据库保护指令"条款,并提出一些修改策略.     

Stamm,Sound Business: Newspapers,Radio, and The Politics of New Media

The competition and conflict existing between newspapers and radio is one of the organizing images of Pre‐World War II journalism in America. Although there was some animosity, competition and conflict between these media, this study argues that the metaphor of “war”; overstates and distorts the early as well as on‐going approach the managers of these media took toward each other. Examination of the minutes, proceedings, and publications of the American Society of Newspaper Editors, as well as secondary sources, indicates that editors followed a much more consensual and cooperative model, rather than one characterized by conflict Rather than being adversarial, the documents of ASNE indicate that the editors were trying to achieve shared economic objectives with the competitive medium of radio.     

新阶段、新理念、新格局——"十四五"时期出版业在文化强国建设中的新担当

"十四五"是在全面建成小康社会基础上开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程的第一个五年,是中国共产党开启新的一百年历程的第一个五年,也是新冠肺炎疫情引起国内外格局重大变化之后的第一个五年.在这个新的发展阶段,出版业要以新的发展理念迎接新的发展格局,助力实现社会主义文化强国的宏伟发展目标.为实现这一目标,提高社会文明程度、提升出版公共文化服务水平、健全现代出版产业体系就成为"十四五"时期出版业的重要任务和使命.     

新理念·新视点·新纲领——对新版《普通高等学校图书馆规程》的理解

[目的/意义]通过对教育部发布的最新修订的《普通高等学校图书馆规程》(以下简称《规程》)进行学习解读,总结其修订要点和创新所在,以此推进业界对新版《规程》的理解与遵循。[方法/过程]采用比较对照法,将新版《规程》与原《规程》的内容进行逐条对照,找出新版《规程》调整、修订和增加的部分新内容。通过新、旧版《规程》内容以及修订要点的对照比较发现,新版《规程》是在借鉴和继承原《规程》合理内容,对传统的管理理念和工作方法进行扬弃的基础上,调整、修订增加了部分新条款,体现了高校图书馆与时俱进的普遍共识和实践经验。[结果/结论]新版《规程》的修订,能秉持改革创新、以人为本、努力服务社会等新理念;在专业馆员学历、嵌入式学科化服务、延长开馆时间、信息素质教育等问题上体现出新意;作为高校图书馆的"准法",成为未来高校图书馆建设发展的新纲领。     

新时期的读者观:谈创造读者

进入2l世纪．图书馆读者工作的核心仍在于不断地创造读者，即在图书馆这一平台上，通过向固有读者与潜在读者、到馆读者与网上读者、文化娱乐读者与科研学习读者提供各种服务，并用先进文化加以引导、提高，使图书馆读者队伍不断发展、壮大。要达到上述目标，图书馆必须通过加强传统服务、强化品牌服务、宣传自我、参与公益活动、发挥馆藏特色等来实现。     

千古悬疑耐人寻味--《周礼》的名称、作者及成书时代解析

《周礼》自问世之日起,人们就对其真伪性、作者和成书时代等议论不一,至今尚无定论,几成千古悬疑.论文试从名称、作者及成书年代三个角度对《周礼》进行解析.     

朱熹对古代文献及其传播贡献的研究

朱熹在“文化成天下”思想的指导下,为恢复封建伦理纲常,推行教化,把著书讲学、振兴书院、教育仕子作为一生孜孜以求的奋斗目标。除了大量儒家经典注解之作外,朱熹及其弟子还对古代先贤的著作进行大规模收集、整理和编次。此外,朱熹修建书院,广征书籍,重视出版刻书,不仅促进了南宋学术文化的繁荣和发展,同时也对丰富我国历史文献宝库、保存文化遗产起了积极的作用。     

移动的自留地:知识青年、新媒介赋权、场景生产与媒介素养——以大学生的新媒介使用实践为观察

本文以新媒介接纳与使用活跃的知识青年代表之一的大学生为例,采用定性研究为主,结合定量研究,走进大学生日常生活,集中探讨了新媒介对于大学生的社会意义。研究发现,新媒介具有赋权现象;新媒介具有场景生产现象;新媒介对于大学生而言已成了一块移动的自留地。大学生在新媒介的场景中潜移默化地被娱乐,但又表现出较强的抵抗性与自主性。     

Predicting research excellence at the individual level: The importance of publication rate,top journal publications,and top 10% publications in the case of early career mathematicians

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between publication rate, top journal publications and excellence during the first eight years of the career, and how well publication rate, top journal publications and highly cited publications during the first four years of the career can predict whether an author attain excellence in the fifth to the eighth year. The dataset consisted of publication track records of 406 early career mathematicians in the sub-field of number theory collected from the MathSciNet database. Logistic regression and dominance analysis was applied to the data. The major conclusions were (1) publication rate had a positive effect on excellence during the first eighth years of the career. However, those who publish many articles in top journals, which implicitly require a high publication count, had an even higher probability of attaining excellence. These results suggest that publishing in top journals is very important in the process of attaining excellence in the early career in addition to publishing many papers; and (2) a dominance analysis indicated that the number of top journal publications and highly cited publications during the first four years of the career were the most important predictors of who will attain excellence in the later career. The results are discussed in relation to indicator development and science policy.     

图书馆员职业化建设新思考:内涵、困境及其路径

图书馆员职业化是图书馆行业获得持续、稳定发展并实行标准化管理的基本前提。由于种种原因,我国图书馆员职业化建设还刚刚起步,有必要从我国的实情出发,明确我国图书馆员职业化的科学内涵,分析推进此项工作可能遇到的困境,寻找到可行的路径。     

纽约公共图书馆的发展历史与服务管理特点——世界级城市图书馆研究之一

文章以世界级城市图书馆作为研究出发点，以纽约公共图书馆为例，分析它的体系，发展历史，文化积淀理念，管理理念和服务理念。