古籍保护学科建设核心议题述评

文章识读并遴选重要文献,围绕古籍保护学科建设和理论体系构建进行内容梳理和阐释。首先从古籍保护学科名称、学科属性、现有理论体系、学科建设方式、准备工作等方面呈现古籍保护研究基本问题,再从课程设置、培养方式及方案、培养层次、职业资格制度方面展现人才培养研究现状。研究发现:古籍保护学科建设迫切性已被学界认同,但学科定位存在争议;现有知识体系有待细化充实、核心内容有待厘清;学科建设应以人才培养为突破,宜依托图书情报领域进行建设。     

FINDING THE FALLEN: CONSERVATION AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR

Abstract

This study concerns a group of objects excavated in First World War trenches in France and Belgium and brought for conservation to the Institute of Archaeology, University College London. These objects were associated with unidentified human remains thought to be of soldiers killed in battles between 1914 and 1918. The contribution of the Institute to this project was to investigate the objects in relation to their context in an attempt to identify the human remains with which they were associated. The experience of working on sensitive material in a very particular context is discussed, and how this influenced the conservation context in which the decision-making process happened is described. It also addresses how some conservation boundaries were crossed, in order to contribute to a better understanding of life during the First World War, and discusses how material culture is valued differently in different contexts (and how this will influence conservation decisions). It concludes that neither object meaning nor conservation decisions can be viewed objectively and that conservation has to be viewed as a social process governed by economic, political, religious, social and cultural dynamics, rather than a primarily technical process.     

专题二：图情档学科建设与实践创新 序

[目的/意义]学科文化建设是图情档学科建设的重要组成部分,对学科文化要素的凝练有利于为图情档学科文化建设提供方向和指导。[方法/过程]通过深入剖析学科文化的内涵,结合学科文化基质与学科文化形态的主要内容,分析并提炼图情档学科文化要素,在此基础上引出着力于文化要素的学科建设思考。[结果/结论]图情档学科的文化建设是一个系统的复杂性工程,一方面,需要充分发挥教育部、高校、学院、学术大师等多方主体在学科文化建设中的重要作用;另一方面,也需要关注图情档学科本身,兼顾学科文化的守正与创新。     

Preventive Conservation: People,Objects, Place and Time in the Philippines

ABSTRACT

Preventive conservation, with its origins grounded in the material fabric of cultural material, is in a period of transformation, with numerous practitioners, in and outside of the field of conservation, considering its broader and holistic objectives. The conventional tools for the assertion of preventive conservation principles, namely the assessment and management of risks to cultural material from the ‘ten agents of deterioration’, have a central focus on the primacy of physical materials and degradation, with less clear relationships with people, place, and time in their modelling. With a case study focus on collections in the Philippines, this paper argues for a practice of preventive conservation that incorporates a balanced assessment and broader thinking around the contexts of objects, people, place, and time. The case studies of ecclesiastical Church collections, and museum environments in the Philippines, demonstrate how the interdependency of objects, people, place and time forms a holistic and conceptual preventive conservation framework. Through a cyclic renegotiation of these four parameters, this paper speculates on the gaps and opportunities for an inclusive view of preventive conservation that is current and more sustainable.     

古籍保护学科建设研究：背景、现状及空间

古籍文化遗产作为传承中华传统文化的重要载体,其保护和流传价值为国家和社会发展所重视,也为古籍保护学科建设带来契机,以研究引领或保障古籍保护的科学、规范化发展成为题中之义。在评析现有主要古籍保护研究团队的研究特点的基础上,阐明问题:对古籍保护能否成为一门学科的论证不足,对古籍保护学科建设的理解有失全面,对于学科建设的背景和环境缺少关照,缺乏实证研究和国际话语意识。进而提出,应在中国特色哲学社会科学框架下,在理解学科建设内涵和一般性规律的基础上,设计古籍保护学科建设实施方案,进行教育教学改革实证研究,科学建构古籍保护理论体系。     

Method for Stabilization of Leaded Bronzes Affected by Corrosion of Lead

Abstract

To inhibit the corrosion of lead objects and lead in high-lead bronzes, particularly in the presence of organic emanations from wood, paint, etc., and/or high humidity, is a difficult conservation problem. A method to prevent corrosion of lead in copper objects was therefore developed using benzotriazole (BTA). The most appropriate treatment method for the conservation of the objects was to immerse them in neutral BTA solution, for which a 0.5% (w/v) concentration of BTA was enough. For bigger objects, three or four coats of 1.0% solution applied by brushing were equally effective. The method was used successfully for the conservation of some ancient copper coins and bronze sculptures containing high amounts of lead; it can also be used to inhibit corrosion of lead objects.     

A Foundation for Developing Digital Preservation Policy: The InterPARES Policy Framework

近年来,数字资源长期保存领域经历了从基础理论研究、个体实验,到最佳实践的发展过程。继2004年北京、2005年德国、2006年北美成功举办之后,2007年10月11-12日,数字资源长期保存国际会议(iPRES2007)再次回归北京,由国家科技图书文献中心主办,中国科学院国家科学图书馆组织承办。本次会议主题为"数字资源长期保存:项目进展和最佳实践",结合具体项目和实践经验,分别从数字资源长期保存的战略计划与基础设施、相关管理问题、技术研究与实践、认证与评估、教育与培训5个方面进行了介绍,并就面临的问题和下一步发展进行了交流。《现代图书情报技术》杂志作为此次会议协办媒体,组织部分参会论文形成专辑发表,集中反映国内外数字资源长期保存领域重大项目的研究进展以及实施路线,供广大研究人员参考、借鉴。     

Re-evaluation of Environmental Modifications to an Island Cemetery after 28 Years

ABSTRACT

The Isle of the Dead served as the burial ground for the convict settlement at Port Arthur, Tasmania, Australia, from 1832 until the settlement closed in 1877. Ninety-one grave markers survive. The author first surveyed the cemetery in 1990 and immediately established environmental monitoring that continued over the following 28 years. This paper discusses the hand-in-hand role of preventive conservation in the overall preservation program, including physical interventions. Delamination of stone is not stopped by re-attachment, only by reducing the environmental causes, once these have been accurately identified. This project has exemplified the need for precise understanding of degradation to ensure that the intervention programme is not, in the long term, a futile exercise. Communicating this understanding to the management authority is essential. It is a popular misconception with outdoor objects and monuments, that to repair an object is to prevent the damage re-occurring. It is essential to convey that this simplistic concept can be very damaging for the object and is one the conservation profession needs to emphasize.     

Taking Paint Samples for Pigment Analysis in Nineteenth-Century England

ABSTRACT

During the nineteenth century, chemists became increasingly engaged in the conservation treatment of polychrome surfaces. While collaborations between chemists and museum workers in charge of easel painting collections were mostly oriented towards the improvement of conservation practices, the involvement of chemists in the nascent field of archaeology was oriented towards material characterization, such as pigment analysis of polychrome surfaces. Since this type of analysis is destructive and damages the artwork, it could, therefore, be assumed that chemists were in these cases less concerned with the conservation of objects with an archaeological and historical provenance. On the contrary, my new reading of nineteenth-century English primary sources reporting pigment analysis shows that chemists also had ethical concerns about the physical integrity of archaeological objects and their conservation. This is apparent in the process in which paint samples were taken from the artworks for their subsequent analysis.     

情报学多学科研究之评价和超越——关于研究方法论的尝试性反思

目前情报学研究领域的主流范式是多学科研究视角。但多学科研究视角在保持情报学学科的学术独立性,促进学科的理论严密性,整合研究兴趣的多元性等方面存在缺陷和不足。因此,有必要通过分解情报学的研究层次,选择学科研究方法论,构建学科理论结构框架,培植特定的学科文化等方式,最终形成独立的情报学学科范式。     

Painting Hinemihi by numbers: Peoples-based conservation and the paint analysis of Hinemihi's carvings

This study describes the analysis of paint samples from carvings belonging to Hinemihi, the Maori meeting house, Clandon Park, Surrey, UK. The assessment of physical evidence contained within Hinemihi's built fabric (along with historiographic research of archival sources and oral histories) has formed a key part of the information gathering process during the current conservation project. The production of such data provides an opportunity for a dialogue that is essential for effective decision-making within participatory conservation projects. From this, it is evident that the use of paint analysis, in deciding the eventual painted scheme for a restored Hinemihi, is settled within a broader dialogue about the conception, use, and management of Hinemihi as a Maori cultural centre, as built heritage, and as an object of conservation. Therefore, the value of material analysis is considered in relation to the potential that this information has to engage a community of users in designing an effective conservation response that seeks to balance the opportunities and constraints of the cultural and physical landscapes that surround Hinemihi and Clandon Park.     

Liquid Modern Journalism with a Difference

Reflecting a change from high to liquid modern culture, journalism is said to be encountering a transformation from high towards liquid modernity. Cultural journalism, however, has been found to be “journalism with a difference”. Due to this distinctive character, the principles of general journalism do not directly apply to cultural journalism. Consequently, the manifestations and consequences of the high and liquid modern ethos appear differently in cultural journalism. Proposing a theoretical framework of the core aspects of journalism—(1) knowledge, (2) audience, (3) power, (4) time, and (5) ethics—this article argues that cultural journalists differ from other journalists in their responses to the recent transformations in the professional values, working practices and the status of journalists.     

The potential role of citizen conservation in re-shaping approaches to murals in an urban context

Public visual spaces, populated by a blend of community murals, unauthorised street art, and historic painted mercantile signs, are often the mark of an urban environment that is both progressive and eclectic. Changes in the aesthetic and cultural value of these urban mural forms have led to an increase in the appreciation and, in some instances, promotion of their artistic merit and cultural significance as examples of public art. However, examining the significance of these works, with a view to implementing a conservation approach is problematic. This is due to a number of practical and theoretical considerations that are primarily a result of the ephemeral existence of urban murals outside conventional exhibition spaces, and issues associated with their often fragmented ownership and uncertain authorship. Consequently, larger thinking on the interpretation, conservation assessment, and advocacy for the conservation of urban murals are required. Key to defining and implementing such strategies is contextualising the public visual spaces that these murals occupy and, as part of this, the local and wider communities’ perception of these murals as culturally significant objects as well as fostering awareness and understanding of appropriate measures aimed at their conservation. This paper examines the role of citizen science, or crowd-sourcing, of local community members in establishing a conservation dialogue and generating conservation- relevant data on urban murals. It looks specifically at a project involving a collection of in situ historic painted mercantile signs — also known as ghost signs — in the City of Port Phillip, Melbourne, Australia. The project fostered the establishment of an informed and open dialogue between conservation specialists and participants from the local community on the significance of local ghost signs whilst transferring knowledge on conservation processes and assessment methods. Working directly with community members, a programme was designed in which conservation and community knowledge of these urban art forms, could be collected and exchanged across digital platforms. This enabled researchers to examine how citizen science can be utilised as a research tool as well as a means to advocate for the conservation of collections of urban murals. It created the opportunity to consider the role of non-specialists and shared authorities in the collection and collation of conservation- relevant data and how information generated from what we call citizen conservation projects, can inform the way in which conservators evaluate and prioritize the conservation of urban cultural heritage. The data gathered and interpreted proved to be the most effective means of ‘conserving’ these often ephemeral forms of cultural material.     

Self-Efficacy of Academic Librarians: Implications for Public Services Managers

The question of academic librarian status has resulted in academic librarians approaching relationships with faculty as one of deference, where they cede power to disciplinary faculty regardless of their own expertise. To date, no research has explored why academic librarians engage in deference behavior when working with disciplinary faculty. Self-efficacy, a person's beliefs in their ability to perform a task, may be an appropriate theoretical framework to begin exploring this behavior. This pilot study explores the perceived self-efficacy of Colorado academic librarians holding an instruction and/or liaison role (n = 68) in order to examine academic librarians' levels of perceived self-efficacy and its relationship to faculty status and years in profession. Results indicate that there is not a significant relationship between perceived self-efficacy and faculty status or years in profession but that gender is significantly associated with perceived self-efficacy. Results also indicate a change in self-efficacy as library faculty progress between faculty ranks. Avenues for future research on academic librarian self-efficacy are suggested and implications for public services managers are discussed.     

A critique of Korean National Information Strategy: Case of national information infrastructures

In 2004, the Korean government launched the IT839 project with the objective of converting Korea into a ubiquitous information society. This study investigates the role of the Korean government in the development of the national information infrastructure and the realization of IT839 vision. This paper reviews the historic and individual data related to the infrastructure project, draws on the social construction of technology theory as a framework for interpreting such data, traces the transformations and translation of this data in the public, political, and social discourse, and discusses the next generation of information infrastructure. Findings imply that despite optimistic prospects and proactive drive, uncertainty still remains with respect to where IT839 will evolve and how it will impact the new information milieu.     

我国情报学研究的历史回顾(Ⅰ)

情报学在我国有半个多世纪的发展历史,并取得了一系列的研究成果。本文首先简要回顾了我国情报学发展的阶段和历程,并应用文献统计方法对学科发展特征及变化进行了分析,而后从理论体系和研究对象两个方面,对国内情报学研究所取得的成果作了系统的总结和评述。     

基于DSpace构建学科知识库系统的研究与实践*

在简要回顾学科知识库建设与发展主要模式的基础上，以一个面向环境与生态科学领域的学科知识库系统建设为例，给出一种以自助提交和开放搜寻与聚集为主要手段的学科知识库建设框架，并对以DSpace为基础实现该框架的过程中所涉及的主要环节和问题进行探讨。     

编辑学研究在路上——2010年印象

2010年编辑学研究显示出多元发展的趋势。理论研究继续寻求新的突破,编辑文化与跨学科研究充满希望和挑战,编辑工作与编辑史、编辑家等研究有了长足发展,但也存在低水平重复和缺乏原创性的问题。当下要做的是继续创新理论,关注实践。     

信息科学视角下的图情学科——《信息科学:概念、体系与展望》评介

闫学杉先生的《信息科学:概念、体系与展望》是一部重要的信息科学基础理论著作。该书以构建统一信息科学理论为目标,体系宏大,资料丰富,论述深刻,具有国际视野,成为目前国内相关研究的代表作。书中对图书馆信息科学在国际、国内的发展进行了介绍和评价,有助于图情学界从信息科学的角度重新审视学科属性和价值。     

California Cultures: Implementing a Model for Virtual Collections

SUMMARY

This article highlights the California Cultures Project as a case study examining the architecture and framework required to support the deployment of digital objects as virtual collections at the California Digital Library. Chronologically arranged, it describes the Online Archive of California (OAC) Working Group's functional requirements for access to digital objects independent of parent finding aids, and the development and implementation of infrastructures supporting this vision. Discussion includes project organization and content selection for digitization, Web site service vision for K-12 teacher target audience, best practices for encoding, data standards, lesson plans, metadata requirements, METS creation tools, project manuals, repositories, search engines, tools enabling customizable interfaces, user assessment, and usability testing.