Queering high school biology textbooks

As teachers committed to educating all students, we need to learn more about how instructional materials shape representations of sexuality and gender. Through its insistent deconstruction of the norms that structure practice and belief, queer theory offers perspectives from which science educators can question assumptions embedded in textbooks. This article applies queer theory to analyze eight biology textbooks used in the United States. Specifically, we ask how biology textbooks address sexuality outside the heterosexual norm and if they propagate heteronormative attitudes. The textbooks examined offer deafening silences, antiseptic factoids, socially sanitized concepts, and politically correct binary‐gendered illustrations. In these textbooks, the term homosexuality was used only in the context of AIDS where, along with iv drug users, they were identified as an affected group. The pervasive acceptance of heteronormative behavior privileges students that fit the heterosexual norm, and oppresses through omission and silence those who do not. We offer implications for practice to help science educators broaden their perspectives on the constructs of sexuality and gender to construct new ways of knowing and understanding differences in science classrooms and the natural world. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 41: 617–636, 2004     

简析高中教材中生物培养技术

高中生物课本所涉及的生物培养技术涵盖范围是非常广范的,其中常见的有:微生物培养技术、无土栽培技术、植物组织培养技术、动物细胞培养技术等。由于这些技术常与生物科学研究的热点相联系,如:     

Social issues in high school biology textbooks: 1963– 1983

Twenty-two high school biology textbooks published between 1963 and 1983 were analyzed for their treatment of social issues. Textbooks were selected from among those used most frequently by teachers and/or having the highest sales. The textbooks were read in random order and the amount of space, to the nearest tenth of a page, devoted to each social issue was expressed as a percentage of total length of text. The results showed that attention to social issues decreased between 1963 and 1983 in the textbooks studied. The implications of these results for biology education in the 1980s are discussed.     

高中教材重点实验复习

1.有时候,由于实验材料用品所限而需要设法替代。下列各项中正确的是()A.做植物细胞有丝分裂实验时,可用蒜叶代替洋葱B.做植物细胞质壁分离和复原实验时,可用质量分数为30%的食盐溶液代替30%的蔗糖溶液C.做叶绿体色素提取和分离实验时,可用乙醇代替丙酮     

浅析高中生物教材中与显微镜有关的实验

在高中生物教材（人教版）的15个实验、5个实习、6个研究性课题及第三册新增加的3个演示实验中,共有8处涉及到了显微镜的使用。不难发现：让学生学会正确使用显微镜,对提高学生的实验能力来讲至关重要。为此,笔者将教材中与此相关的实验实习内容进行了小结,以便与大家讨论学习。     

A study of the relationship between concept emphasis in high school biology textbooks and achievement levels

A two part study investigated any relationship between student achievement and textbook content as well as any impact of a national project's recommendations on textbook content. First, analyses of student responses to biological items on the 1977 National Assessment of Educational Progress's survey of science showed a direct, linear relationship between achievement level and concept emphasis in biology textbooks. Second, a comparison between biology textbooks, published a decade apart, indicated significant changes in the degree of emphasis placed on 10 commonly accepted conceptual areas. Closer examination revealed that change in the amount of emphasis in one conceptual area, Growth and Development, was responsible for the significant difference found. Generally, the recommendations of the biology project were not reflected in the newer textbooks.     

A method for analyzing the coherence of high school biology textbooks

Because textbooks have the potential to be powerful catalysts for improving science teaching and learning, having reliable methods for analyzing important textbook features, such as their coherence, is essential. This study reports on the development of a method in which trained reviewers, following a set of guidelines defining the ideas to be learned and connections among those ideas drawn from relevant maps published by the American Association for the Advancement of Science in the Atlas of Science Literacy (2001), were able to analyze the degree to which four widely used high school biology textbooks provided students and teachers with a coherent account of the important topic of matter and energy transformations in living systems. The study method was found to produce consistent results across reviewers and textbooks and can serve those who evaluate, design, and use science curriculum materials. This work represents an important first step in meeting the need for methods to measure, characterize, and, ultimately, to improve textbook coherence. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47: 47–70, 2010     

Prevalence,function, and structure of photographs in high school biology textbooks

Photographs are a major aspect of high school science textbooks, which dominate classroom approaches to teaching and learning. It is thus surprising that the function of photographs and their relation to captions and texts have not been the topic of analysis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence, function, and structure of photographs in high school science. Our motivating research question was, “What can students learn from textbooks when they study photographs?” To answer this and several subordinate questions, we selected and analyzed four Brazilian biology textbooks. We focus on the use of photographs and the relation among them, various types of texts, and the subject matter presented. Our analysis reveals that the structural elements of text, caption, and photographs and the relations among them differ across the textbooks and at times even within the same book. This, of course, will influence readers' interpretations of the photographs changing their role in the text. The results of our study have implications for textbook authors and textbook readers. We suggest that future studies may focus on students' and teachers' interpretation of photographs in real time. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 40: 1089–1114, 2003     

中学生物教材中的模式生物

中学生物学教学是一种科学化、大众化、普及化的教学,它的目的之一是培养中学生对生命现象及其生命活动规律研究的兴趣,对丰富多彩的生物界的热爱之情.在教材中大量列举模式生物,是为了让学生了解最基本的生命元素,能够把感性材料升华到理性的思考.对模式生物研究已经臻于完美,无论是形态、结构、生理,还是基因、作用、价值,人们都已知之甚多,所以作为生物教学的典型内容,它们当之无愧.学生也可从这些模式生物的学习中,窥得一般的生物科学规律,领悟到生物教学的精神所在.     

新教材实验中的生物科学素养体现

从生物实验这个角度,对五套高中生物新教材进行分析,从模拟实验、探究性实验、调查研究三方面的实验设置,阐释了新教材如何围绕课程三维目标体现生物科学素养课程理念。     

Content analysis of inquiry-based tasks in high school biology textbooks in Mainland China

Since inquiry was first introduced to science education, a lot of inquiry-based tasks have appeared in textbooks for supporting an inquiry-based approach. These tasks have great potential to direct the implementation of an inquiry-based approach, as teachers rely heavily on the use of existing instructional materials in most K-12 classrooms. However, these tasks would not actually take effect unless they could accomplish the mission of assisting in the achievement of the educational goals of an inquiry-based approach, for which it is necessary to assess the design quality of inquiry-based tasks in textbooks. Content analysis is an effective way to evaluate the design quality of textbooks. This study adopted the instrument – the Inquiry-based Tasks Analysis Inventory (ITAI), which fits the purpose and has strong reliability and validity – to analyse the inquiry-based tasks in current high school biology textbooks in Mainland China. The results show that (1) some of the inquiry-based tasks separate the inquiry process from scientific content, (2) current textbooks do not present balanced dispositions to use inquiry process skills, and (3) inquiry-based tasks in current textbooks do not reflect a proper understanding about scientific inquiry. The findings call for revisions of inquiry-based tasks in textbooks and indicate the ambiguous understanding about inquiry that may be held by the textbook authors. What is more, the problems revealed by this study are very similar to those found in previous studies in other regions, which highlights the need for continuous attention to the evaluation of inquiry-based tasks in textbooks.     

《中学生物学》杂志电子版征订启事

激素(hormones)又称化学信使,是特定细胞合成的能使生物体发生一定反应的有机分子。它们的作用力很强,很低的浓度就能引起很强的反应。它们在细胞中存在的时间不长,在细胞中不能积累,很快就被破坏。植物的激素,一般都是从生长旺盛的组织,如茎尖和根尖的分生组织产生的,它们没有高等动物所具有的专门分泌激素的内分泌腺。植物体内除生长素     

小议教材中与温度有关的实验

温度的控制是实验成败的关键因素之一，在生物实验中也同样重要。为了配合实验教学的顺利进行，笔者将教材中与温度有关的10个实验、实习的内容总结如下，便于大家共同讨论学习。[第一段]     

Analyzing beliefs and practices of a Mexican high school biology teacher

This article explores the beliefs and practices of a high school biology teacher through three interrelated theoretical frameworks: common knowledge, collaborative learning, and communities of practice. The data were obtained from an in‐depth case study of Maria, a biology teacher from a Mexican public high school that was participating in a 4‐year international science project using collaborative learning and information and communication technology. Her beliefs and practices were explored by means of questionnaires, semi‐structured interviews, and nonparticipant observation of classes. Through the use of the three‐component framework, the degrees of coherence between practice and beliefs that guide the teacher's daily behavior became apparent, as well as the difficulties of incorporating innovations due to institutional constraints. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 42: 465–491, 2005     

A quantitative analysis of high school chemistry textbooks for scientific literacy themes and expository learning aids

The purpose of this study was to examine the content of seven high school chemistry textbooks for curriculum balance and emphasis on the following aspects of scientific literacy: (a) science as a body of knowledge, (b) science as a way of investigating, (c) science as a way of thinking, and (d) the interaction among science, technology, and society. In addition, the number of textbook pages, vocabulary terms, pictures, questions, and problems at the end of the chapter were determined. The textbook is an important teaching aid in high school chemistry courses, which conveys some of the information that students receive and influences how students perceive this subject. The majority of chemistry textbooks we analyzed stress science as a body of knowledge, place some emphasis on science as a way of investigating, have practically eliminated science as a way of thinking, and devote very little text to the interaction among science, technology, and society. Furthermore, these are voluminous books that range in length from 466 to 729 pages, with as many as 60 questions per chapter.     

探析上海高中化学新教材计算体系特点及教学策略

本文分析了上海高中化学新教材计算体系的特点,探析了化学计算体系在化学课程中的功能和编排特点,进而提出了在高中对化学计算技能进行系统性训练的教学策略。     

高中生物学教材中与性别相关的遗传问题

本文对高中生物学教材中与性别有关的知识点进行了归纳,包括性别决定、性别分化、伴性遗传和从性遗传等。