Effects of Edible Coatings on Quality and Antioxidant Activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Zizyphus Jujuba</Emphasis> Miller cv. Dongzao During Storage

The development of edible coatings has been lauded with respect to their safety and effectiveness. In this study, we researched the effects of edible coatings (2% CaCl₂, 1% chitosan and 1% pullulan) on the nutrient content and antioxidant abilities of jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Miller cv. Dongzao). Using the new analysis technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), we evaluated the effects of these coatings. Compared with the control fruit group, test results showed that coating treatment significantly delayed fruit senescence. Specifically, CaCl₂ treatment not only maintained fruit storage quality and antioxidant activity but also restrained the production and accumulation of malondialdehyde in jujube. Chitosan treatment delayed decreases in secondary metabolites and superoxide dismutase and catalase activity. Pullulan coatings performed better in terms of proanthocyanidin and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). We also used TOPSIS to evaluate the preservation effect of different film coatings and found 2% CaCl₂ to be the best treatment for jujube, followed by 1% chitosan and 1% pullulan. Based on the appropriate materials and concentration of the film coatings, edible coatings have the potential to retain the quality and antioxidant capacity of the Chinese jujube cv. Dongzao.     

Super absorbent polymer seed coatings promote seed germination and seedling growth of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Caragana korshinskii</Emphasis> in drought

Coating seeds with water absorbent materials can improve their survival, especially for those planted in drought or barren areas. In this study, effects of five kinds of super absorbent polymers (SAPs) on seed germination and seedling growth of Caragana korshinskii under drought conditions were investigated. Our results showed that SAP coatings could significantly improve the percentage and energy of seed germination, as well as reduce the relative electrical conductivity (REC), proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), H₂O₂ content, and peroxidase (POD) activity during germination. These results implied that seeds could uptake moisture from SAP coatings to alleviate drought-induced oxidative stress and membrane damage, thus exhibiting a better vigor and germination performance. After coating C. korshinskii seeds with SAPs, more seedlings emerged and grew better. Under the combined influence of the water absorption capacity of SAP and other factors, the efficiencies of five SAP coatings are in the sequence D>E>B>A>C. The function of the SAP coating on promoting seedling survival was confirmed in Mu Us Sandy Land in Ordos, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The average seedling number of SAP D-coated seeds increased twofold on that of naked seeds. Our results are expected to be helpful in understanding and utilizing SAP seed coatings in improving plant survival under drought conditions.     

N2分压对（Ti，A1）N涂层成分、结构及力学性能的影响水

采用电弧离子镀工艺,调节N2分压制备了系列（Ti,A1）N硬质涂层,研究了不同N2分压对涂层表面形貌、相结构、成分及力争性能的影响．结果表明,当氮气分压较低时,涂层金属相含量较高,涂层硬度和残余应力较低,膜／基结合力较高,涂层耐磨性较差;当氮气分压较高时,涂层氮化物相含量较高,涂层硬度和残余应力较高,膜／基结合力偏低,涂层耐磨性很强．     

Fibrous TiO2 prepared by chemical vapor deposition using activated carbon fibers as template via adsorption, hydrolysis and calcinations

TiO2 fibers were prepared via alternatively introducing water vapor and Ti precursor carried by N2 to an APCVD （chemical vapor deposition under atmospheric pressure） reactor at ≤200 ℃. Activated carbon fibers （ACFs） were used as templates for deposition and later removed by calcinations. The obtained catalysts were characterized by scanning electron micros- copy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, Brunauer, Emmett and Teller （BET） and X-ray diffraction （XRD） analysis The pores within TiO2 fibers included micro-range and meso-range, e.g., 7 nm, and the specific surface areas for TiO2 fibers were 141 m^2/g and 148 m^2/g for samples deposited at 100 ℃ and 200℃ （using ACFI700 as template）, respectively. The deposition temperature significantly influenced TiO2 morphology. The special advantages of this technique for preparing porous nano-material include no consumption of organic solvent in the process and easy control of deposition conditions and speeds.     

Effects of zinc-substituted nano-hydroxyapatite coatings on bone integration with implant surfaces

Objective:The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a zinc-substituted nano-hydroxyapatite(Zn-HA) coating,applied by an electrochemical process,on implant osseointegraton in a rabbit model.Methods:A Zn-HA coating or an HA coating was deposited using an electrochemical process.Surface morphology was examined using field-emission scanning electron microscopy.The crystal structure and chemical composition of the coatings were examined using an X-ray diffractometer(XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR).A total of 78 implants were inserted into femurs and tibias of rabbits.After two,four,and eight weeks,femurs and tibias were retrieved and prepared for histomorphometric evaluation and removal torque(RTQ) tests.Results:Rod-like HA crystals appeared on both implant surfaces.The dimensions of the Zn-HA crystals seemed to be smaller than those of HA.XRD patterns showed that the peaks of both coatings matched well with standard HA patterns.FTIR spectra showed that both coatings consisted of HA crystals.The Zn-HA coating significantly improved the bone area within all threads after four and eight weeks(P<0.05),the bone to implant contact(BIC) at four weeks(P<0.05),and RTQ values after four and eight weeks(P<0.05).Conclusions:The study showed that an electrochemically deposited Zn-HA coating has potential for improving bone integration with an implant surface.     

Preparation and Properties of TiNx-SiO2 Antireflective Coatings with Print Process

This paper describes the preparation and properties of TiNx-SiO2 double-layered antireflective(AR) coatings that were applied with print process. The coating material was analyzed and TiNx was used instead of TiO2 as high refractive material. The influence of solution concentration on AR property was studied. The testing result shows that the coatings using print process are featured with excellent mechanical property and the AR property is comparable to American Southwall AR product. It is expected that the study would promote the industrialization progress in AR coatings.     

Ni-P-MgO(CuO)纳米、微米复合化学镀层的制备和性质

为了进一步研究化学镀镍磷复合镀层的性能,在研究了镍磷化学复合镀新配方的基础上,在A3钢片表面分别制备了纳米和微米复合材料镀层N i-P-MgO(CuO).用称重法测定厚度;通过10%NaC l溶液测定其耐腐蚀性;GB5935 86标准贴滤纸法测镀层的孔隙率;MH-3硬度仪测定其硬度.结果表明:在最佳施镀条件下,可得到耐磨性、硬度强于A3钢片、N i-P镀层和N i-P-MgO(CuO)纳米复合镀层的微米复合化学镀层,和光亮致密耐腐蚀性强于A3钢片、和N i-P-MgO(CuO)微米复合镀层,与N i-P镀层相当的N i-P-MgO(CuO)纳米复合镀层.     

低损耗TiO2/Ormosil平面波导的制备及表征

TiO2/ ormosil planar waveguide was prepared by sol-gel method at low thermal treatment temperature （ 〈 200 ℃）. Scanning electron microscope, FT-IR spectrometer, spectrophotometer, atomic force microscopy, thermal analyzer, and dark m-line spectroscopy were used with the method of scattering-detection to investigate optical and structural properties. High optical quality waveguide film was obtained. The propagation loss of film was 0.569 dB/cm at a wavelength of 632.8 nm.     

Studies on characteristics of nanostructure of N-TiO2 thin films and photo-bactericidal action

Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain （AS 1.50） and Bacillus subtilis strain （AS 1.439） from Ming lake were decomposed by photocatalytic nanostructure N-TiO2 thin films in a photo-reactor under UV irradiation. The different thickness nanostructure N-TiO2 thin films coated on mesh grid were prepared by sol-gel method and immobilized at 500 ℃ （films A） or 350 ℃ （films B） for 1 h in a muffle furnace. The results showed that N-TiO2 thin film B （8.18 nm thickness, 2.760 nm height and 25.15 nm diameter） has more uniform granular nanostructure and thinner flat texture than N-TiO2 thin film A （12.17 nm thickness, 3.578 nm height and 27.50 nm diameter）. The bactericidal action of N-TiO2 thin film A and film B for Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain （AS 1.50） and Bacillus subtilis varniger strain （AS1.439） were investigated in this work. More than 95% of photocatalytic bactericidal efficiency for Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain （AS 1.50） and 75% for Bacillus subtilis strain （AS 1.439） were achieved by using N-TiO2 thin films-B for 70-80 rain of irradiation during the photo-bactericidal experimental process. The results indicated that the photo-induced bactericidal efficiency of N-TiO2 thin films probably depended on the characteristics of the films.     

Electrochemical study on semiconductive properties of the passive film on rebar in concrete

INTRODUCTION Steel rebar embedded in concrete is protectedagainst corrosion by the thin passive film on its sur-face and the physical protection from concrete. Thealkaline environment (pH≥12.5) of the concrete poresolution triggers passivation on the rebar surface andformation of the protective oxide film. The physicaprotection of concrete coverage hinders the invasionof aggressive agents. However, this passivity can bebroken down by local pH loss as a result of concretecracking or the…     

J-Integral of interfacial crack between metal-base ceramic coating and steel

The definition of J-integral of interfacial crack was introduced. The three-point bending tests were carried out to obtain the critical loading values when the interfacial crack initiation occurred between coatings and substrates. The finite element analysis (FEA) was adopted to analyze the stress distribution in the specimens and compute the J-integral of the interfacial crack between LX88A coating and Chinese Q345 steel. The results showed that the average value of critical J-integral is 0.70 N/m, which can be taken as the fracture parameter to evaluate the interfacial fracture behavior for the three-point bending specimens of LX88A coating/Q345 steel system. Supported by Tianjin Natural Science Foundation (No.08JCYBJC09100), New Teacher Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (No.20070056096) and New Century Outstanding Talented Person Plan of China. XU Lianyong, born in 1975, male, Dr.     

Testing theoretical explanations for heterogeneity in associations between a state quality rating and improvement system and prekindergarten children’s academic performance

The present study tests two complementary developmental theories regarding the fit between children’s skills and their environments within the context of a state Quality Rating and Improvement System (QRIS). Specifically, we examine whether high-quality prekindergarten disproportionately benefits children based on their entering ability levels. The sample includes 684 children (48% female; M _age = 57.56 months) residing in a midwestern state who were eligible to receive child care subsidies and participated in an evaluation of state-funded prekindergarten during the 2015-2016 school year (cohort 1), 2016-2017 school year (cohort 2), or 2018-2019 school year (cohort 3). We implemented multilevel regression models with children nested in their respective classrooms and schools to investigate whether children in higher-rated prekindergarten programs on the QRIS experienced greater growth in math, literacy, and vocabulary from fall to spring if they entered with stronger executive function skills (i.e., foundational skills hypothesis), or if they entered with weaker skills in the same respective domain as the outcome (i.e., compensatory skills hypothesis) relative to children who attended programs that were lower-rated or unrated on the QRIS. Contrary to both hypotheses, only one significant interaction emerged indicating that children who attended prekindergarten programs rated as low-quality on the QRIS were more likely to have higher spring literacy performance if they began the year with stronger executive function skills. Implications for research and policy are discussed.     

Investigation of absorption and scattering characteristics of kiwifruit tissue using a single integrating sphere system

For a quantitative understanding of light interaction with fruit tissue, it is critical to obtain two fundamental parameters: the absorption coefficient and the scattering coefficient of the tissue. This study was to investigate the optical properties of kiwifruit tissue at the wavelength of 632.8 nm. The total reflectance and total transmittance of kiwifruit tissue from three parts (including the flesh part, the seed part, and the seed-base part) were measured using a single integrating sphere system. Based on the measured spectral signals, the absorption coefficient μ_a and the reduced scattering coefficient μ_s′ of kiwifruit tissue were calculated using the inverse adding-doubling (IAD) method. Phantoms made from Intralipid 20% and India ink as well as a Biomimic solid phantom were used for system validation. The mean values of μ_a and μ_s′ of different parts of the kiwifruit were 0.031–0.308 mm^?1 and 0.120–0.946 mm^?1, respectively. The results showed significant differences among the μ_a and μ_s′ of the three parts of the kiwifruit. The results of this study confirmed the importance of studying the optical properties for a quantitative understanding of light interaction with fruit tissue. Further investigation of fruit optical properties will be extended to a broader spectral region and different kinds of fruits.     

Evolution of Surface Oxide Film of Typical Aluminum Alloy During Medium-Temperature Brazing Process简

The evolution of the surface oxide film along the depth direction of typical aluminum alloy under medium-temperature brazing was investigated by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）. For the alloy with Mg content below 2.0wt%, whether under cold rolling condition or during medium-temperature brazing process, the en-richment of Mg element on the surface was not detected and the oxide film was pure Al2O3. However, the oxide film grew obviously during medium-temperature brazing process, and the thickness was about 80 nm. For the alloy with Mg content above 2.0wt%, under cold rolling condition, the original surface oxide film was pure Al2O3. However, the Mg element was significantly enriched on the outermost surface during medium-temperature brazing process, and MgO-based oxide film mixed with small amount of MgAl2O4 was formed with a thickness of about 130 nm. The alloy-ing elements of Mn and Si were not enriched on the surface neither under cold rolling condition nor during medium-temperature brazing process for all the selected aluminum alloy, and the surface oxide film was similar to that of pure aluminum, which was almost entire Al2O3.     

Cu-Sn-P/stearic acid(lauric acid,BTA)化学镀层制备和性质研究

本文研究了在稳定剂存在的条件下,在钢铁表面制备了Cu-Sn-P多元合金化学镀层,讨论了镀液成分和沉积条件等对镀层性质的影响.采用了硬脂酸、月桂酸和苯并三氮唑对Cu-Sn-P镀层表面进行再处理,从而形成致密保护膜,得到Cu-Sn-P/stearic acid(lauric acid,BTA)镀层,并研究了其性能.     

Preparation of carbon encapsulated iron nanoparticles with very thin shells by DC arc discharge

Carbon encapsulated iron nanoparticles(CEINPs) with very thin shells and good core-shell structures were prepared by DC arc discharge at argon intake temperature(AIT) of 800 ℃. The results of high resolution transmission electron microscope(HRTEM), energy dispersive X-ray(EDX) spectroscope, X-ray diffraction(XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope(XPS) characterizations on the product B show that the thickness of the carbon shells of CEINPs in the product B is in the range of ca. 0.5—5.3 nm, i. e., which can be as thin as only two layers of graphite. The average diameter of the CEINPs is about 24. 7 nm. The total content of Fe element in the product B is 77.0 wt%. The saturation magnetization(Ms) and coercivity(Hc) of the product B are 107.4 emu/g and 143 Oe, respectively. The formation of the CEINPs in the product B is discussed briefly.     

Pre-service and in-service teachers' metacognitive knowledge about problem-solving strategies

The present study based on Antonietti, A., Ignazi, S., & Perego, P. (2000). Metacognitive knowledge about problem-solving methods. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 70, 1–16 methodology with the aim to examine primary school teachers' metacognitive knowledge about problem-solving strategies. A sample of 338 in-service (172) and pre-service (166) teachers participated in the study. They were asked to give on a five-point scale frequency, efficacy, and facility estimates for the application of five problem-solving strategies in 3 kinds of problems (interpersonal, practical, and study problems). The results are in accordance with Antonietti, A., Ignazi, S., & Perego, P. (2000). Metacognitive knowledge about problem-solving methods. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 70, 1–16 evidence. They, also, stressed the possible role of age along with work experience in the formation of beliefs about strategic behavior.     

Simultaneous determination of saponins in Radix Glycyrrhizae, Notoginseng and Ginseng by high performance liquid chromatography

To establish a method for determining five saponins（notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rb1 and ammonium glycyrrhizinate） in Glycyrrhizae, Notoginseng and Ginseng, the high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector（HPLC-DAD） method was applied to an Inertsil ODS-SP column（4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm） with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-0.05% phosphoric acid in a gradient elution manner. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. The column temperature was 30 ℃ and the detection wavelengths were 203 nm and 237 nm, respectively. The linear ranges were 0.700,0—7.000,0 μg for R1（r=1.000,0）, 0.751,1— 7.511,4 μg for Rg1（r=1.000,0）, 0.677,2—6.771,6 μg for Re（r=1.000,0）, 0.733,9—7.339,1 μg for Rb1（r= 1.000,0）, and 0.540,0—5.399,8 μg for ammonium glycyrrhizinate（r=0.999,9）, respectively. In addition, their average recoveries were 100.28%, 105.83%, 104.09%, 99.36% and 98.54%, respectively. The relative standard deviations（RSDs） of precision, reproducibility and recovery were all less than 1.5%. The results indicate that the method is simple, accurate and reproducible so that it can be used for the simultaneous determination of the five saponins in Chinese patent medicines containing the three kinds of herbs.     

Demonstrating competence within one’s group or in relation to other groups: A person-oriented approach to studying achievement goals in small groups

Two studies investigated students’ adopted mastery and performance goals for group work, with an interest in exploring whether performance-approach goals functioned differently in small groups depending on whether the social comparison target resides outside the group (i.e., between-group comparison; performance-approach between group goals) or within the group (i.e., within-group comparison; performance-approach within goals). Using a person-oriented approach, six achievement goal profiles for group work were identified for middle school students in science (N_Study1 = 309) and upper elementary school students in mathematics (N_Study2 = 218). Some profiles included varying patterns of goal endorsement (e.g., high mastery goals, low performance-approach goals) while others reflected similar levels (high, medium, low) of goals. Across both studies, the six goal profiles were associated with varying patterns of group processes, cognitive engagement, and achievement. Most notably, students in profiles with high performance-approach within group goals had more detrimental outcomes, even when mastery goals were also strongly endorsed. In contrast, students in profiles with high mastery alone or in combination with high performance-approach between group goals had adaptive group process, cognitive engagement, and achievement outcomes. Implications for the conceptualization of performance-approach goals in small groups and cautions for fostering normative standards and intergroup competition when structuring group activities are discussed.     

Influence of natural deposition plane orientation on oedometric consolidation behavior of three typical clays from southeast coast of China

The parameters obtained from oedometric consolidation tests are commonly used in the development of constitutive modeling and for engineering practice. This paper focuses on the influence of the natural deposition plane orientation on oe- dometric consolidation behavior of three natural clays from the southeast coast of China. Oedometer tests were conducted on intact specimens prepared by sampling at a series of angles relative to the natural deposition plane. For each specimen, yield stress, compressibility indexes, secondary compression, and permeability coefficients were determined. The influence of the sampling angle on these properties was investigated, revealing that yield stress, compression index, swelling index, creep index, ratio of secondary compression coefficient to compression index （Cae/JCc） and permeability coefficient were all dependent to some extent on the sampling angle. These findings indicate the role of the anisotropy due to the natural deposition on the oedometric con- solidation behavior.