Sporting hyperchallenges: Health,social, and fiscal implications

There has been a rise in sport-focused event management organisations staging increasingly challenging quests for amateur athletes. Whilst endeavours such as running a marathon or completing an Ironman triathlon were previously pinnacle achievements for amateur athletes, sporting hyperchallenges, events covering greater distances, crossing more difficult terrain, or posing more extreme challenges have set the performance bar significantly higher. Cast against Western neoliberal backdrops the ever-expanding supply-side of this market is broadening opportunities for amateur athletes to test their physical limits, thus necessitating investment of inordinate personal resources. Simultaneously, there is growing empirical and anecdotal evidence suggesting unfavourable impacts can flow from intensely pursuing extreme endurance sports including impacts to athletes’ health and relationships. The authors draw upon intertwined theories of business ethics and corporate social responsibility to critique business practices of sport-focused event management organisations delivering sporting hyperchallenges. The authors propose a conceptual framework aimed at encouraging future research into potential health, social, and fiscal implications stemming from this complex, unregulated market.     

美国业余体育领域性别歧视的法律规制——以《教育法》修正案第9章为例

美国《教育法》修正案第9章禁止接受联邦资助机构中的性别歧视行为,公立学校体育活动也属于其规制范围,其是否存在性别歧视共有3项标准进行检验。在业余体育具体适用第9章条款的过程中,法院的判例起着重要的推动作用。体育领域与第9章有关的案件主要有4种类型。     

Female jockeys in Swedish horse racing 1890–2000: From minority to majority – complex causes

The aim of this paper is to describe and explain the changes in the gender balance of jockeyship in Swedish horse racing in the period 1890–2000. The change in gender coding, and its causes, are both complex. Two distinctive periods of change are argued to have been crucial, the 1940s and 1970s. In the first period women were given permission to ride in amateur races; in the second period they were allowed to become professionals. It is suggested here that the changes in the gender balance are explained by male support, the intersection of gender and social class and gender coding.     

A comparison of anthropometric and training characteristics of Ironman triathletes and Triple Iron ultra-triathletes

We examined differences in anthropometry and training between 64 Triple Iron ultra-triathletes competing over 11.4 km swimming, 540 km cycling, and 126.6 km running, and 71 Ironman triathletes competing over 3.8 km swimming, 180 km cycling, and 42.2 km running. The association of anthropometry and training with race time was investigated using multiple linear regression analysis. The Triple Iron ultra-triathletes were smaller (P < 0.05), had shorter limbs (P < 0.05), a higher body mass index (P < 0.05), and larger limb circumferences (P < 0.01) than the Ironman triathletes. The Triple Iron ultra-triathletes trained for more hours (P < 0.01) and covered more kilometres (P < 0.01), but speed in running during training was slower compared with the Ironman triathletes (P < 0.01). For Triple Iron ultra-triathletes, percent body fat (P = 0.022), training volume per week (P < 0.0001), and weekly kilometres in both cycling (P < 0.0001) and running (P < 0.0001) were related to race time. For Ironman triathletes, percent body fat (P < 0.0001), circumference of upper arm (P = 0.006), and speed in cycling training (P = 0.012) were associated with total race time. We conclude that both Triple Iron ultra-triathletes and Ironman triathletes appeared to profit from low body fat. Triple Iron ultra-triathletes relied more on training volume in cycling and running, whereas speed in cycling training was related to race time in Ironman triathletes.     

Relationship between achievement goal orientations and the perceived purposes of playing rugby union for professional and amateur players

The recent professionalization of rugby union makes it an excellent achievement context in which to examine the relationship between achievement goal orientations and the perceived purposes of sport as a function of competitive standard. During the 1996–97 season, 73 professional and 106 amateur rugby players in England completed a series of questionnaires assessing their achievement goal orientations, beliefs about the purposes of rugby and demographic information. The results of a canonical correlation analysis revealed a conceptually coherent relationship between achievement goal orientations and purposes of rugby. Specifically, a high ego/ moderate task orientation was positively related to fitness, aggression and financial remuneration as significant purposes of rugby. Professional players scored higher on those purposes of rugby related to aggression, financial remuneration and fitness, but lower on sportspersonship than amateur players. Professional players also reported higher task and ego goal orientations than amateur players. The findings are discussed in terms of the differences in lifestyle and motivation of professional and amateur rugby union players.     

Relationship between achievement goal orientations and the perceived purposes of playing rugby union for professional and amateur players

The recent professionalization of rugby union makes it an excellent achievement context in which to examine the relationship between achievement goal orientations and the perceived purposes of sport as a function of competitive standard. During the 1996-97 season, 73 professional and 106 amateur rugby players in England completed a series of questionnaires assessing their achievement goal orientations, beliefs about the purposes of rugby and demographic information. The results of a canonical correlation analysis revealed a conceptually coherent relationship between achievement goal orientations and purposes of rugby. Specifically, a high ego/moderate task orientation was positively related to fitness, aggression and financial remuneration as significant purposes of rugby. Professional players scored higher on those purposes of rugby related to aggression, financial remuneration and fitness, but lower on sportspersonship than amateur players. Professional players also reported higher task and ego goal orientations than amateur players. The findings are discussed in terms of the differences in lifestyle and motivation of professional and amateur rugby union players.     

体育产品消费影响因素的Logit 模型

体育消费成为居民生活中重要部分.运用对数线性分析方法,探讨地区、年龄、性别、文化、职业和家庭月收入6个变量对城市居民是否购买体育物质产品的影响.结果表明:影响居民是否购买体育物质产品的关键因素是性别和家庭月收入两变量,用这两个变量建立Logit对数线性模型即可很好地拟合饱和模型.     

关于培养“业余羽毛球运动指导员”的初步研究

文章通过对部分业余羽毛球运动指导员的访谈,及自己的实践经验,对羽毛球运动指导员在业余羽毛球运动中的职责及如何做好一名业余羽毛球运动指导员做相关研究。针对如何做好一名羽毛球运动健身指导提出相关措施,为规范业余羽毛球运动指导员提供一定的借鉴意义,对羽毛球运动的发展具有一定的推动作用。     

南京市业余体校运动员现状调查

采用文献资料、问卷调查等方法,对南京市业余体校314名运动员的现状调查分析,得出南京市业余体校参与者的性别比例相差很大,参与运动项目差别较大,存在运动年限短、起点低、运动成绩不够理想等问题.诣在为促进南京市业余体校和竞技体育的可持续发展提供参考.     

‘That Excellent Sample of a Professional’: Dan Maskell and the Contradictions of British Amateurism in Twentieth-century Lawn Tennis

This article critically examines the life and career of Daniel ‘Dan’ Maskell OBE CBE (1908–1992), the much-loved British professional coach and BBC commentator for Wimbledon. It positions his social ascendancy during the inter-war and post-war periods within the contexts of shifting class relations in British society, and the professionalisation of tennis and growing performance orientation of amateur tennis authorities in Britain. Given his working-class origins, Maskell's gradual acceptance into the British lawn tennis fraternity and rise to become ‘the voice of Wimbledon’ and, for some, the personification of traditional British sporting amateur values, was something of an enigma, and reflected key contradictions in what amateurism constituted in the twentieth century. Despite enduring systematic discrimination in clubs and exclusion from amateur competitions, as a consequence of him being a ‘professional’, he remained a chief proponent of the amateur ideology throughout his lifetime and exhibited numerous personal qualities that endeared him to the upper-middle-class establishment: modesty, loyalty, integrity, conservative views on player behaviour, deference to authority, strong work-ethic, and a good-humoured nature. Once tennis went ‘open’ in 1968, and throughout a period when professionalism and commercialism threatened to undermine the sport's core ideals, Maskell continued to represent and promote amateur ideals through his broadcasting ethics and values.     

A variant within the AQP1 3ʹ-untranslated region is associated with running performance,but not weight changes,during an Ironman Triathlon

The objective of this study was to test the association of the rs1049305 (G > C) variant within the 3?-untranslated region of the aquaporin 1 gene, AQP1, with changes in body weight, post-race serum sodium concentration and performance in Ironman triathletes. Five hundred and four male Ironman triathletes were genotyped for the rs1049305 variant within the AQP1 gene. Change in pre- and post-race body weight was calculated for 470 triathletes and used as a proxy for changes in body fluid during the race, as well as to divide triathletes into biologically relevant weight-loss groups (0–3%, 3–5% and >5%). There were no rs1049305 genotype effects on post-race serum sodium concentrations (P = 0.647), pre-race weight (P = 0.610) nor relative weight change during the Ironman Triathlons (P = 0.705). In addition, there were no significant differences in genotype (P = 0.640) nor allele (P = 0.643) distributions between the weight loss groups. However, triathletes who carry a C-allele were found to complete the 42.2-km run stage faster (mean 286, s = 49 min) than triathletes with a GG genotype (mean 296, s = 47 min; P = 0.032). The AQP1 rs1049305 variant is associated with running performance, but not relative body weight change, during the 2000, 2001 and 2006 South African Ironman Triathlons.     

The industrial middle class and the development of sport and in a railway town

ABSTRACT

Increased industrial activity during the Victorian period led to the creation of industrial townships such as Crewe, whose growth was stimulated and sustained by the involvement of the London and North Western Railway Company. As in other townships, the paternalism of employers was reflected in company involvement in all aspects of the social, political and economic life of Crewe and the influence that was exerted on the population through the company’s middle-class managers. Men such as manager Francis Webb and company clerk Thomas Abraham had a significant impact on the sporting life of the town, and this paper explores their life courses to chronicle their involvement. These men were not public-school- or university-educated but they shared similar attitudes to sport with their middle-class counterparts in the South, and this paper uses their biographies to suggest that individuals concerned with the organisation of amateur sport across the country adhered to the basics tenets of the amateur ethos. The authors also reinforce the notion that, while the creation of governing bodies was certainly important in structuring late-nineteenth-century sport, the commitment and motivation of the individual was always critical in ensuring that local sport was played ‘in the right way’.     

善用注意力是打好网球的必要条件

运用运动心理学的方法,对业余网球选手在比赛中如何集中注意力的问题进行探讨和研究,并提出相应的解决方法和措施.     

中国群众体育参与的影响因素及驱动力研究简

采用主成分分析与因子分析法,对影响群众体育参与的10个因素进行数据矩阵分析。旨在准确把握中国群众体育参与影响因素和特征。分析确定主成分：驱动因子2个。包括：政府支持和体育发展因子、生活水平与文化素质因子。结果表明,政府支持和体育发展是群众体育参与的基础和保障,生活水平与文化素质影响群众对体育参与的规模与主动性。     

沈阳市成年业余足球锻炼人群现状研究

采用文献资料法、问卷调查法和数理统计法,对沈阳市业余参加足球锻炼人群的性别、年龄、学历、收入等情况及其动机进行调查,以期为进一步普及足球运动、促进足球运动在沈阳的发展提供参考。     

科学训练全面造就合格人才--普通高校大学生业余运动队的训练思考

普通高校业余运动队的训练是大学生活不可缺少的一部分,也是体育教学的延伸和补充.它对大学生的健康成长起着重要作用.开展业余训练有利于大学生良好个性的形成,有利于为社会培养全面、合格的人才.     

业余教练员培养机制的构建与发展对策

业余教练员的培养是我国竞技体育可持续发展的基础,通过问卷调查法、访谈法和数理统计法等方法对上海、江苏等地区的教练员的现状进行了调查,结果表明:(1)训练单位在业余教练选拔中主动性不足,公开招聘教练员成为各单位理想的选拔方式;(2)业余教练员培训中职前、在职和职后教育的衔接不紧,探索有效的教练员教育模式成为业余教练员培养的重要环节;(3)科学的考核指标和合理的聘任目标是激励教练员提高执教水平的重要保证;(4)健全的教练员信息保障机制可以完善教练员的知识结构,更新教练员的训练理念,是业余教练员培养的重要组成部分;并提出了健全教练员培养制度,建立教练员流动机制等对策。     

Introduction

The importance of the amateur element in English and Welsh cricket during the nineteenth and early twentieth century is well known. However, there is not much in-depth information available on the economic, social and educational background of amateur cricketers. This article tries to fill this gap using the information gleaned from a large sample of obituaries, mainly those printed in Wisden. These sources have their weaknesses, which are analysed in the article, but they do provide a good picture of the schooling of amateur cricketers, their main occupations and sources of income, and their county affiliations during the period chosen. The evidence presented is then discussed in the context of recent work on the importance of the growth of service-sector employment in the period and its regional distribution. The article ends with a critical look at amateur cricket and its mores in the context of the current debate on ‘character’ which was a key element in the intellectual and cultural formation of the British gentlemanly class from which amateur cricketers emerged.     

A comparison of anthropometric and training characteristics of Ironman triathletes and Triple Iron ultra-triathletes

Abstract

We examined differences in anthropometry and training between 64 Triple Iron ultra-triathletes competing over 11.4 km swimming, 540 km cycling, and 126.6 km running, and 71 Ironman triathletes competing over 3.8 km swimming, 180 km cycling, and 42.2 km running. The association of anthropometry and training with race time was investigated using multiple linear regression analysis. The Triple Iron ultra-triathletes were smaller (P < 0.05), had shorter limbs (P < 0.05), a higher body mass index (P < 0.05), and larger limb circumferences (P < 0.01) than the Ironman triathletes. The Triple Iron ultra-triathletes trained for more hours (P < 0.01) and covered more kilometres (P < 0.01), but speed in running during training was slower compared with the Ironman triathletes (P < 0.01). For Triple Iron ultra-triathletes, percent body fat (P = 0.022), training volume per week (P < 0.0001), and weekly kilometres in both cycling (P < 0.0001) and running (P < 0.0001) were related to race time. For Ironman triathletes, percent body fat (P < 0.0001), circumference of upper arm (P = 0.006), and speed in cycling training (P = 0.012) were associated with total race time. We conclude that both Triple Iron ultra-triathletes and Ironman triathletes appeared to profit from low body fat. Triple Iron ultra-triathletes relied more on training volume in cycling and running, whereas speed in cycling training was related to race time in Ironman triathletes.     

业余散打运动员的创伤流行病学研究

对重庆市52支业余散打队240名运动员进行了运动创伤的流行病学调查,发现业余散打运动员的常见病、多发病是下肢创伤性骨膜炎.分析讨论了创伤的发生及特点与运动专项有明显的关系,提出了一些预防和减少损伤的有效措施.