现代科学中的还原论与整体论

文章试图澄清对还原论和整体论的种种误解。分析表明,尽管还原论纲领确实激励着现代科学的发展,但还原论迄今所取得的成功还是相对有限的;还原论与整体论并不构成对立面,现代科学既不完全支持整体论,也不完全排斥整体论。     

论复杂性研究对还原论的批判

复杂性科学的一个总特征是对传统还原论持批判态度,并且试图通过建立复杂性范式来超越沿用了数百年的还原论观点和方法。从贝塔朗菲经普里高津到现在的圣菲研究所的三代复杂性研究者都感受到了还原论的局限,都从批判还原论入手来提出、展开自己的新主张,都把超越还原论当作自己的首要任务。     

评自然国学论者对科学界“还原论”的指责

自然国学论者宣称：“20世纪后半叶,西方文明陷入重重困境,世界科学与文化的根本观念发生巨大转折。”[刘长林、徐道一等2001]自然国学论者把当代科学指责为“还原论”,他们说：“由西方发展起来的近代科学以探索自然界之简单性为主,因而还原论成为科学和科学方法论的核心。”[刘长林、徐道一等2001]他们认为“西方人喜爱分析,侧重研究事物的有形实体和物质组成部分,     

科学的伦理学之路：神经伦理学

 传统的超越主义伦理学进路存在着不少无法解决的问题,而近年来产生的神经伦理学为解决这些问题提供了一个新的视角。神经伦理学因立足于认知神经科学对道德判断、自由意志和元伦理学等问题的涉及而成为“科学”的伦理学,但也因其还原论倾向而对传统伦理学形成了挑战。     

“科学”地研究道德判断的可能——Greene的道德判断冲突处理理论

 传统伦理学中的理性主义在面临冲突的道德判断时往往束手无策,而情感主义提供的解决方案又面临相对主义的危险,近年来,随着自然主义向伦理学领域的延伸,人们注意到也许基于认知神经科学的神经伦理学能为我们提供一条新的解决问题的进路,从而使科学地研究道德判断成为可能。本文着重评价Joshua D. Greene及其同事们在实验基础上提出的道德判断冲突处理理论,并认为,道德判断有其神经生物学基础,情感和认知在道德判断中的作用是竞争性的,而其原因来自于人类的演化。     

浅谈模型在物理学理论形成中的意义

还原论是主张把高级运动形式还原为低级运动形式的一种理论观点。通过对还原论的学习和研究,对模型和物理学理论之间的关系进行了深入的探究,并总结了模型在物理学理论形成中的作用及意义。     

当代科学发展和马克思主义的意识论

当代科学的发展,特别是思维方式的变革充分暴露了"还原论"方法的不合理性,从而启发人们避免简单化,把人类精神当作一种独特的、复杂的高级运动形式来研究,超越"还原论"方法,还人类精神深远广博的内容,是马克思主义意识论在未来世纪面临的第一个新课题;功能主义建立在当代信息、系统科学的基础上,在意识探索领域迈出了新的一步,但是它也有自身难以克服的困难,批判吸取功能主义的研究成果,超越其机械主义的框架是马克思主义意识论面临的第二个新课题;科学的发展使语言的作用日益凸现出来,作为这种文化精神反映的反表象主义、反实在主义对唯物主义反映论提出了挑战,怎样迎接这种挑战并在挑战中发展自己,是马克思主义意识论面临的第三个新课题.     

学森词典

性智、量智—— “性智”,中国整体论的,即从事物的宏观形象用形象思维去领会;“量智”,西方还原论的,用分解事物加逻辑推断。     

学森词典

性智、量智—— “性智”,中国整体论的,即从事物的宏观形象用形象思维去领会;“量智”,西方还原论的,用分解事物加逻辑推断。     

罗尔斯顿环境伦理学的生态性拓展

道德作为人的生存方式,其关注范围必然随着人类活动领域的扩展而拓展,道德关注范围的拓展意味着道德立论依据的变化.罗尔斯顿的环境伦理学以生态学为基础,论证了环境伦理学是关于我们的根源的伦理,是最具利他主义精神的伦理学,认为恰当的生存单元就是道德关心的恰当的层面,由此将道德关注的范围拓展至整个自然生态系统和地球,这是迄今为止最为彻底的伦理拓展.     

“无形之手”与科学的社会运行——析霍尔对科学的自然主义解释

霍尔试图通过一种类似于亚当·斯密“无形之手”的解释,来重新阐明自然科学在社会中的运行机制以及科学取得成功的原因。在霍尔看来,传统科学哲学对科学合理性的解释是不成功的,因为其最主要的解释方法——“直接说明”忽略了科学作为社会建制的时间性和社会性特征。更重要的是,它没有注意到科学家的个人活动与作为一个整体的科学是两个不同层面的问题,它们二者是“相互独立的”,因此符合“独立性要求”。这一相互独立的特征决定了自然主义科学哲学对科学的解释必须是一种“无形之手”的模式,换言之,“无形之手”模式是自然主义超越传统科学哲学说明的重要一环。     

Towards an ontological foundation of information ethics

The paper presents, firstly, a brief review of the long history of information ethics beginning with the Greek concept of parrhesia or freedom of speech as analyzed by Michel Foucault. The recent concept of information ethics is related particularly to problems which arose in the last century with the development of computer technology and the internet. A broader concept of information ethics as dealing with the digital reconstruction of all possible phenomena leads to questions relating to digital ontology. Following Heidegger’s conception of the relation between ontology and metaphysics, the author argues that ontology has to do with Being itself and not just with the Being of beings which is the matter of metaphysics. The primary aim of an ontological foundation of information ethics is to question the metaphysical ambitions of digital ontology understood as today’s pervading understanding of Being. The author analyzes some challenges of digital technology, particularly with regard to the moral status of digital agents. The author argues that information ethics does not only deal with ethical questions relating to the infosphere. This view is contrasted with arguments presented by Luciano Floridi on the foundation of information ethics as well as on the moral status of digital agents. It is argued that a reductionist view of the human body as digital data overlooks the limits of digital ontology and gives up one basis for ethical orientation. Finally issues related to the digital divide as well as to intercultural aspects of information ethics are explored – and long and short-term agendas for appropriate responses are presented.     

作为元哲学的自然主义

本文是对作为一种元哲学的自然主义的概述和澄清。自然主义的兴起和在当代哲学中的繁荣归因于传统第一哲学的某些代表性方案的不成功和近代自然科学的巨大成功。自然主义作为一种替代性的哲学探索方案所包含的基本要素得到阐明。自然主义哲学在当代形而上学中的主要代表——物理主义得到进一步阐明。以物理主义为样品,自然主义元哲学的融贯性得到捍卫,但本文强调,自然主义哲学的未来取决于它在一阶哲学议题上的进展。     

Integrating robot ethics and machine morality: the study and design of moral competence in robots

Robot ethics encompasses ethical questions about how humans should design, deploy, and treat robots; machine morality encompasses questions about what moral capacities a robot should have and how these capacities could be computationally implemented. Publications on both of these topics have doubled twice in the past 10 years but have often remained separate from one another. In an attempt to better integrate the two, I offer a framework for what a morally competent robot would look like (normally considered machine morality) and discuss a number of ethical questions about the design, use, and treatment of such moral robots in society (normally considered robot ethics). Instead of searching for a fixed set of criteria of a robot’s moral competence I identify the multiple elements that make up human moral competence and probe the possibility of designing robots that have one or more of these human elements, which include: moral vocabulary; a system of norms; moral cognition and affect; moral decision making and action; moral communication. Juxtaposing empirical research, philosophical debates, and computational challenges, this article adopts an optimistic perspective: if robotic design truly commits to building morally competent robots, then those robots could be trustworthy and productive partners, caretakers, educators, and members of the human community. Moral competence does not resolve all ethical concerns over robots in society, but it may be a prerequisite to resolve at least some of them.     

Discourses on information ethics: The claim to universality

An important question one can ask of ethical theories is whether and how they aim to raise claims to universality. This refers to the subject area that they intend to describe or govern and also to the question whether they claim to be binding for all (moral) agents. This paper discusses the question of universality of Luciano Floridi’s information ethics (IE). This is done by introducing the theory and discussing its conceptual foundations and applications. The emphasis will be placed on the ontological grounding of IE. IE’s claims to universality will be contrasted with those raised by discourse ethics. This comparison of two pertinent ethical theories allows for a critical discussion of areas where IE currently has room for elaboration and development.     

高等职业艺术院校党建工作面临的问题与对策

党建工作是学校德育工作的重要组成部分,是提高师生思想觉悟和道德水平的关键。当前,我国高等职业艺术院校党建工作存在一些问题。这些问题表现为党组织生活受到忽视、党员对党的认识比较薄弱、学生党支部干部的先进性不足以及存在一定的金钱主义和享乐主义。针对这种情况,学校应该采取积极措施提高学生的思想认识水平。这些措施包括完善党组织建设、加强党员教育、提倡和践行社会主义价值观、重视和提高非党员的思想认识水平和寓思想教育于专业教育之中。     

Introduction to the Special Issue on “The Legacy of Rob Kling: Social Informatics as a Research Discipline”

Drawing on Jones's ethical model and Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, this study proposes and tests an integrative model for the decision-making process underlying software piracy. Survey data collected from computer users in Guangzhou, China, in accordance with two software piracy scenarios under study—end user piracy and software counterfeiting—provide general support for the model. Consistent with major propositions of the theory of planned behavior, the findings show that Chinese computer users’ perceived moral intensity of software piracy significantly affects their corresponding moral recognition, judgment, and intention in both scenarios. Moreover, a direct influence of moral judgment on attitude toward software piracy is found in both scenarios. With regard to end-user piracy specifically, the findings further echo the theory of planned behavior by demonstrating a direct influence of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control on intention to pirate. As in the case of software counterfeiting, the findings, however, show that only attitude and subjective norm but not perceived behavioral control significantly influence this intention. Implications derived from this study suggest the potential to synthesize ethical and general social psychological concepts to explain software piracy behavior, and also furnish insights on how to deter software piracy in China.     

朱熹的小学德育主张对当代小学德育发展的启示

德育对个体的个性发展、德行塑造作用巨大,尤其对可塑性强的小学教育阶段。德育应该被置于其他各育之前着重发展。但应试教育为主的教育现状却导致我国小学德育流于形式、收效甚微。文章针对当下我国小学德育过程中存在的弊端,结合古代先贤朱熹的小学德育主张,从五个方面进行分析论述,为当代小学德育发展提供一定的历史经验和改进策略。     

论导游讲解语言技巧

导游讲解是一门艺术。导游员根据游客不同的情况,运用导游艺术和技巧,才能使导游内容生动活泼而又富有魅力。导游员工作和水平的好坏和高低,不单纯取决于导游员的思想和知识,还取决于导游员个人的语言表达艺术和讲解技巧。文章分析了导游员运用讲解技巧须遵循的原则,论述了导游员讲解过程中语言表达技巧。