社区教育促进农民工城市融入的实践分析与模式探究——基于天津市的调查

农民工的城市融入问题是中国当前社会转型过程中出现的一个重大的现实和理论问题。当前关于农民工城市融入的研究主要集中于权益保护、制约因素、政策措施等一些宏观层面,而对于他们城市融入和城市社区教育的关系等微观层面研究较少。本文以增权理论为理论基础,基于农民工的城市融入需求,通过对天津市滨海新区的典型社区教育实践,探究促进城市农民工城市融入的社区教育新模式,提出可复制和可推广的模式和可行性方案,更好地帮助农民工的未来生活就业以及更好地融入城市。     

Access and Support in the Development of a Visual Language: arts education and disabled students

Overall, little is known about the ways in which disabled children and young people produce artwork or how they are enabled to access the visual arts curriculum particularly when they have high level and complex support requirements. This article focuses on the Information Communication Technology (ICT) and practical assistance that enables disabled students to create art and design work. The article is based on my recent doctoral research which has analysed the arts education of a group of disabled young people post 16 and investigated the ways in which the arts curriculum can be made accessible [1]. ICT, in conjunction with effective practical assistance, can be refined and merged to create seamless access to the visual arts for disabled students and can play a key role not only in equipping them with the skills and competencies to gain qualifications and potential employment, but also as a ‘voice’ with which they can express their particular experiences of the human condition.     

Integration of physically disabled students

Abstract

The article reviews research in four areas: impact of integration on children's self‐concept, attitudes toward physically disabled children, effects on their school achievement and teacher reactions to integration. Research evidence suggests that being together with non‐disabled peers makes the disabled child more aware of his physical impairment and restraints. But there are also signs indicating that psychological factors essential for a positive self‐evaluation are activated to a higher degree in the integrated environment. With respect to attitudes of peers there are some, although not conclusive, results suggesting positive influence of integration. Research on school achievement demonstrates the great variability among the physically disabled pupils, in comparison with which the impact of school placement is relatively minor. Teacher opinions about integration of physically disabled pupils are mainly positive, but if the handicap is severe integration is considered possible only with a rich supply of teaching material, reduced class size and support from specialists. The review concludes with glimpses from reports on practical experience with integration.     

Plans that work: improving employment outcomes for young people with learning disabilities

This article offers a critical reflection on the function of education, health and care plans (EHCPs) in pathways to employment for disabled young people. We consider ‘the education plan’ as an artefact of special educational needs systems. We problematise the often taken‐for‐granted assumption that such plans are always and only a ‘good’ thing in the lives of disabled young people seeking pathways to employment. At the same time, we consider the rise in demand for plans that are understood by many as a crucial mechanism for achieving support. Following the recent policy reforms in England, we describe a context in which the funding of education is shrinking and in which the promise of employment for disabled young people has yet to be delivered. We conclude by proposing some changes to policy and practice to enhance employment opportunities for disabled young people.     

地区分层效应下的残疾人就业影响因素研究——以S省为例

为了研究地区分层效应下残疾人的就业状况及其影响因素的重要程度,基于2017年全国残疾人基本服务状况和需求专项调查中的S省数据,选取基本人口学因素、家庭因素、社会环境因素等变量,引入地区分层变量,构建两水平Logistic回归模型对残疾人就业影响因素进行分析,并基于梯度提升决策树(GBDT)模型对影响因素进行重要性度量。研究结果表明,基本人口学因素对残疾人就业的影响作用最强,社会环境因素次之,家庭因素最弱。影响残疾人就业的因素中,重要性得分最高的前三位分别为受教育程度、残疾类型、年龄。地区分层效应下,受教育程度、家庭收入状况、家庭住房状况对残疾人就业具有显著正向作用,残疾等级、是否参加医疗保险对残疾人就业呈现负向作用。     

城市就业状态对农民工的影响

农民工在城市的绝大多数职业属于非正规经济,流动性高、工作辛苦、收入低,在城市的职业分类中明显处于边缘状态。而工作本身的边缘化对农民工融入城市社会、工人阶级认知的形成、人力资本的积累以及他们的城市生存状态产生了不利的影响。因此需要从制度的层面改善农民工的就业环境。     

浅析内蒙古乌海市海南区残疾人社会保障体系

残疾人在社会生活和工作中属于较为典型的弱势群体,他们的日常生活面临许多的特殊困难,因此也十分需要得到社会关注和保障。内蒙古乌海市是一个以工业发展起来的移居型城市,在整体的经济当中工业占了很大的比例,其中各种矿业尤为的发达,乌海的矿产资源非常丰富,因为地理特征及自然条件的特殊,使得该地区的残疾人要比普通地区的多些,残疾人的致残原因也多因矿难和职业病,所以本文根据第二次全国残疾人抽样调查汇总数据,对乌海市海南区的残疾人社会保障状况做了具体的描述,根据现状分析了存在问题的特殊性并提出具有针对性建议,如,实现残疾人保障制度规范化;提供稳定可靠地基本生活保障;提高残疾人教育水平;积极促进就业;实现多元化服务等来提高残疾人社会保障体系。     

残疾人就业法规的运行及其功能实现

由于残疾人就业关乎其自身的生存和发展及社会的安全运行，故日显突出并广受关注。本文以法律社会学的视角对残疾人就业的制度安排和功能设计展开分析，运用实证材料对残疾人就业法规的运行及功能实现的障碍加以考察。     

Creative work careers: pathways and portfolios for the creative economy

This article examines the career opportunities, challenges and trajectories of creative work. As part of the Creative Trident approach to creative workforce measurements, the embedded mode draws attention to creative work as it is undertaken outside of the creative industries. This article further considers and conceptualises the complex careers pathways of creative workers. Firstly, creative workers in non-creative occupations in other industries are discussed to highlight the challenges and barriers to securing creative employment and the balance creative workers establish with other forms of employment. Secondly, students from creative courses going into non-creative occupations in other industries is discussed to highlight challenges students face in making the transition from higher education to creative employment in terms of workforce expectations and the competition amongst graduates. This article critically evaluates assumptions about transitions from education into creative work employment and associated career trajectories.     

发展我国残疾人职业教育的战略思考——基于残疾人就业的视角

就业不仅是残疾人获得收入、解决生计的有效途径,也是残疾人融入社会、实现个人价值和体现人格尊严的重要途径。研究及实践表明,残疾人职业教育应以就业为根本目标和服务导向。为促进我国残疾人职业教育的发展,在梳理近几年国家相关政策文件、江苏省残疾人事业发展相关文件基础上,借助第二次全国残疾人抽样调查（江苏省）,通过随机整群抽样和深度访谈,调查了江苏省残疾人就业现状;分析了残疾人就业资源及对职业教育的需求;通过战略思考,提出发展残疾人职业教育相关建议：亟需采纳全新的残疾人资源观、潜能观,建立完善的职业教育体系,以满足残疾人的教育、培训和就业需求,促使其充分参与社会生活,共建共享和谐社会。     

Planning the education-employment link: A brief guide to current methods

The paper reviews developments in methods available for planning the link between education and employment. Eight techniques are described: manpower planning, rates of return, the basic arithmetic of youth employment, the ILO key informants system, local manpower planning, rapid rural appraisal, the use of existing information, educational planning. Areas for future development include a greater focus on the growth of rural work in relation to the criteria of social demand and equity; the creation of categories of economic activity which have local relevance; the integration of skill development arrangements as one of many factors contributing to economic activity; increased use of existing information; an improvement of networks for the sharing between ministries of education, employment and planning of data of mutual interest; an increase in the speed with which data collected at local level but collated and analysed at national level are redistributed to local level; the development of measures of educational quality.     

论农民工就业处于不利地位的原因和对策

肇始于20世纪80年代末的农民大规模进城就业，成为我国主要的社会问题之一。农民工由于受社会等级制度、户籍制度、自身条件等种种因素的制约，进城就业在有效就业信息获得、就业条件、基本权利维护等方面处于十分不利地位。从观念、制度、政策三层面着手可改善农民工不利的就业地位。具体来说，政府、市民和农民工自身必须改变农民工低人一等的看法，从社会公正制度、户籍制度和社会保障制度三个方面来加强制度建设，现阶段，在可操作的政策层面上关注农民工的微观生存状态则更有现实意义。     

Follow-up of postsecondary-age rural learning disabled graduates and dropouts

This article reports the dropout rates, basic skills competency levels, and employment status of a group of semi-rural learning disabled postsecondary-age youth and a control group of nonlearning disabled same-age peers. Findings indicated significantly higher dropout rates and significantly lower basic skills competency levels among learning disabled youth. Learning disabled graduates and dropouts were not different in how they fared in the employment market for the group, nor were they different compared to peers. Educational implications of these findings and future suggestions for follow-up research are discussed.     

Special education in France

ABSTRACT

The French special education system has been formed around two educational groups, according to the perception of the possibilities of schooling for disabled children and adolescents. One has been organized around learning difficulties, and concerns children and adolescents whose abnormality is produced by the school institution. The other was developed around re‐education, and the re‐education of disabled children refused admission by the schools. The 1970s witnessed the appearance of an indisputable official policy in favour of integration into schools, implemented through diverse and numerous private and public initiatives. This policy and these initiatives are being translated more and more clearly, in many respects, into reality, yet they come up against the prevailing ways of thinking on institutionalization of care and education of children said to be disabled. In particular, the persisting dichotomy between an educational approach which is focused on the management of learning difficulties in schools, and the education of children with disabilities rooted within a medical orientation, stressing ‘re‐education’ (the teaching of social skills to children) or ‘re‐adaptation’ (training of various sorts with the intention of improving employment prospects) continues to exert a strong influence on possible reforms.     

新生代农民工就业能力问题与提升路径分析

新生代农民工已成为我国产业工人不可或缺的组成部分,其就业能力状况不仅关系到其自身职业发展和城市融入,也关系着我国未来产业结构升级和农村发展。针对当前二元社会结构下的新生代农民工结构性就业能力缺乏、可持续性就业能力降低以及宏观政策约束瓶颈等现实问题,本文建议通过加强自我能力提升意识,构建社会支持网络以及积极依靠宏观政策调控等途径,能够不断提升新生代农民工的就业能力,从而逐步改变其在劳动力市场竞争中的不利地位,尽快融入城市生活,更好促进社会公平。     

The Making of Vulnerable Workers: Uncredentialed Young Adults in Postindustrial,Urban America

Common explanations for the employment difficulties facing young adults without a secondary credential center on skill deficits, with little attention given to policies and practices that shape the nature of work. Using interview data from a participatory action research project, this article examines the employment experiences of 43 uncredentialed young adults in a deindustrialized, urban community. Contextualizing their accounts within shifts in job and labor markets in the postindustrial political economy and drawing on the “vulnerable workers” framework, it shows how participants were disenfranchised as workers and job-seekers. I argue that educators should more fully account for the challenges facing workers with low levels of formal education and engage with economic and labor policies and practices that make these workers economically vulnerable.     

新生代农民工就业影响因素及其对策

就业是民生之本,新生代农民工的就业问题也成为当前社会的热点。新生代农民工就业的影响因素主要有：城乡二元户籍、城市社会排斥、市场竞争激烈、素质技能不足、培训体系不健全、就业途径不畅、就业保障受歧视、维权难等。当前促进新生代农民工就业的对策主要有：消除就业二元化制度壁垒、优化新生代农民工就业环境、扩大新生代农民工就业渠道、提升新生代农民工择业水准、加强职业技能培训、完善新生代农民工社会保障体系、提高新生代农民工维权意识和增强新生代农民工的就业归属感。     

Models of vocational assessment of handicapped students

During the last twenty years, increasing emphasis has been placed upon the provision of comprehensive vocational assessment to disabled and disadvantaged persons to assist them in obtaining employment. Vocational evaluation programs have proliferated in rehabilitation facilities, manpower programs, vocational-technical schools and public schools. An increasing body of literature and research has delineated service-delivery models and competencies needed by vocational evaluation specialists. Increasing numbers of universities have implemented graduate training programs in vocational evaluation; and a national professional certification process has been developed. Most of this activity has been centered at rehabilitation facilities at the same time that public schools are becoming the norm for educating disabled students. As vocational assessment for disabled students moves into this relatively new setting, it is being modified. This article explores models of vocational assessment for disabled students which incorporate modifications to suit the special needs of the public school setting.     

The Social Status of Children with Disabilities and Their Families as Determined by Census Data

Russia’s ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) has necessitated that regular monitoring studies of the social situation of people with disabilities and families with disabled members be conducted. These studies have exacerbated the issue of obtaining accessible data that is suitable for these purposes. The article investigates specific concerns related to Russian disability statistics and the place of census data in compiling these statistics. The latter are of interest to the study of the social position of disabled persons in Russia. However, they have never been used for these purposes before. This article focuses on the analysis of the socioeconomic situation of families with disabled children as one of the most vulnerable groups in the population. We analyze the accuracy of the census estimates of the contingent of children with disabilities as compared against administrative data, and discover that the number of disabled children has been underreported, due to the inaccuracy of the disability criterion. We have assessed the composition of families with disabled children, the level of education and employment of parents, the livelihoods of these families, and the level of access of children to education on the basis of the recently released microdata from the 2002 and 2010 Russian Censuses. In light of these characteristics, we are able to demonstrate existing inequalities in the social status of families with disabled children in comparison with other families with children without disabilities. In conclusion, having determined the scope of the problem, we demonstrate the possibility for developing disability statistics as the foundation for implementing the principles of the CRPD. In particular, we propose methods for providing a social definition of disability by assessing functional status through continuous and sample surveys of the population. The use of standard international practices would allow assessing the social status of families with disabled children in a comparative perspective.     

地方残疾人就业政策比较与评价——以按比例安排残疾人就业为例

按比例安排残疾人就业是我国残疾人就业体系中的重要组成部分,这一就业政策实施的时间不长,但对促进残疾人就业发挥了积极作用,同时在实施过程中由于相关政策法律的不完善,也出现了不少问题。本文以全国31个省、自治区、直辖市按比例安排残疾人就业政策为研究对象,采取比例大小、覆盖范围、残疾人就业保障金三类指标,评价这一政策的强制性程度、协调性程度、公平性程度和政策实施效果,分析各地区的共性和特殊性,并由此提出促进残疾人就业的几点建议。