写作何以成为哈佛大学唯一一门必修课程——南希·萨默斯与赫明珠、于海琴的对话

写作是一种用文字和隐喻标记世界的方式,是一个引领学生批判地、深度地阅读和有效地、清晰地书写的过程,是一个让学生发现自己真正关心所在和写出自己所思所想的路径。写作课在美国高校通常是必修课,旨在培养学生的书面沟通能力和批判性思维。哈佛大学说理文写作课程创建于1872年,如今是本科生的唯一一门必修课。对话从南希·萨默斯完成的著作以及她对中国的关注开始,依次展开缘何倾情于写作教育、为何关注修订和反馈研究领域、如何创立哈佛本科生写作工程、因何设立研究生写作工作坊等话题。在对话过程中,萨默斯将所获成功归结为喜爱阅读、喜欢写作,指出学习写作是本科生学习科目的一种方式,认为写作是帮助学生确定人生方向的力量,强调写作是本科教育的核心、修订是写作的核心。另外,萨默斯还对学生写作者的修订策略、对学生写作者的反馈、工作坊中的写作伙伴、一万个小时定律、说与写的关系、写作时内心的恐惧、避免抄袭或剽窃等话题进行了阐述。     

Acts of responding. Teachers’ written comments and students’ text revisions

ABSTRACT

This article addresses written feedback to students’ drafts and provides insight into teachers’ formative assessment practices. Data are taken from a large cross-disciplinary project on writing and assessment in Norway and comprises a sample of 7th graders’ writing processes from 11 schools. Teachers’ comments are categorised according to different acts of responding, drawing on theories of language acts. The study also focuses what teachers comment on, and selected examples from students’ revisions illustrate how teachers’ comments are handled. Findings show that a majority of the teacher comments are directive acts, pointing to specific textual aspects – and quite seldom in a dialogic way. The directives constitute a continuum illustrating different degrees of teacher control. Constatives are frequent, but do not necessarily contain facilitating explanations. The timing of the response stands out as a critical factor. The discussion underlines a need for writing instruction that invites students to revisions and involves teachers and students in active dialogues on text.     

OBE: Some Answers for the Uninitiated

In this article, leaders of the North Carolina Writing Project explore whether students of teachers who attended Writing Project summer institutes out-performed other teachers' students on state writing tests. The authors accordingly developed a test to compare the writing of those students with the writing of students of non-writing project teachers. The test, however, produced no significant difference in the writing of the two groups. Seventeen years later, the authors compared the longevity of writing project teachers with that of comparable non-writing project teachers to see if the institutes infused a spirit of professionalism and self-efficacy in participants that other teachers did not possess. This comparison affirmed the authors' beliefs: writing project teachers had greater staying power than comparable teachers.     

写前策略实证研究

在英语教学过程中,写作能力的培养既是重点也是难点。本文从过程写作法的角度论述了写前活动的作用。通过由浙江大学288名非英语专业学生参加的写前阶段实验,验证了写前阶段活动的可行性。这些活动不但能帮助学生写出内容更为丰富的作文。同时也能帮助学生消除写作前的恐惧,更快进入写作状态。     

小组合作学习在高职英语应用写作中作用的实验研究

本研究选择高职院校英语教学中的应用写作为实验研究对象。经过实验研究,实验所得数据标明,在英语应用写作中运用小组合作的方法,不仅能提高学生的学业成绩,而且有助于减轻学生的写作焦虑,提高学生的写作兴趣。本文还试图分析以小组合作靴子对学生英语应用的写作态度和写作能力的影响。     

知识的分类与高校创新型人才培养

创新型人才培养的核心问题是培养和提高学生的创新能力。学生创新能力的形成与发展依赖于程序性知识的获得。在当今高校人才培养改革的实践中,程序性知识和研究性学习是发展学生的创新能力,培养创新型人才的重要途径。     

程序性知识与高校创新型人才培养

基于当代认知心理学的知识分类理论,程序性知识的掌握是培养大学生创新能力的前提和基础。研究性学习是主动探究问题的学习。在当今高校人才培养实践中,深入开展程序性知识的研究性学习,将有效促进学生创新能力的提高,从而实现高校创新人才培养的目标。     

外语写作过程中同学互评的实验研究

英语写作评改是英语过程写作的重要组成部分。本文对本校不同类学生互评写作的教学及实践进行对比、分析和研究。结果表明：在英语过程写作教学中广泛应用互评技能确实从多方面丰富了英语写作课堂教学,而且写与改相结合的教学不但激发了学生写作兴趣,也使他们的写作效果有了极大的改观与提高。     

项目教学法在《财经写作》课程体系中的构建

应用写作课堂教学具有特殊性,同时也具备课堂教学的共性。构建项目教学法指导下的《财经写作》课程体系,是实现写作课堂教学成效的必要保证。以建构主义学习理论和情境学习理论为构建财经应用文写作课程项目教学新体系的理论依据。新的教学体系强调：以实际工作为行动导向,以具体情境为项目,以学生为主体组织教学活动,以多途径解决问题的方式来拓展学生思路,做到学生在学习理论的同时,深入参与到具体实践锻炼中,在实践中促进学生理论和综合能力提高。     

Assessing writing: Are we bound by only one method?

The present study describes the way one institution operationalized the notion of process-oriented writing assessment in its entry placement testing context. In an attempt to enhance how it assesses academic writing ability, a workshop-based essay test was proposed in place of the existing, traditional timed essay test. The study looked at how the tests from the two different approaches in writing assessment (product-oriented and process-oriented) affected examinees’ test performance by comparing both the textual quality of the test essays and the placement results. Content-area faculty evaluations of the examinees’ writing ability and the examinees’ view on the tests were also used in evaluating the quality of the tests. The results suggested that assessment methods have an impact on the examinees’ test performance. Even though further evidence is needed for a better understanding of the result, a traditional method of direct writing assessment seemed to put examinees at a disadvantage. The new test was implemented in the given research context and implications of writing assessment in general are discussed.     

“认知同化学习”模式翻译教学新探

翻译教学要摆脱经验、随想、感悟的研究范式,便要借鉴包括教育心理学在内的多学科研究成果。在介绍奥苏贝尔＂认知同化学习＂理论的基础上,通过具体实例运用先行组织者对翻译的程序性知识进行编排,运用逐渐分化原则和整合协调原则对翻译的陈述性知识进行编排。     

“It takes two”: The added value of structured peer-assisted writing in explicit writing instruction

High-quality writing instruction is vital to supporting developing writers as they learn to plan, compose, and revise text. It is equally important that such instruction enhances students’ self-efficacy for writing as well as their motivation to write. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the incremental effect of peer-assisted writing in an explicit writing instruction program on Flemish upper-elementary students’ writing performance, self-efficacy for writing, and writing motivation. A randomized control design, using multilevel analyses, was conducted to determine the differential effectiveness of two experimental writing treatments (EI+PA and EI+IND) compared to a business as usual control condition (BAU). Both experimental writing treatments involved explicit instruction in writing, with students in one condition writing with a peer (EI+PA) and students in the other condition writing individually (EI+IND). Participating classes (N = 431 students, N = 20 teachers) were randomly assigned to the three conditions and students were assessed before and after instruction. EI+PA students outperformed both EI+IND and BAU students on the writing measure in the instructed genre but not in the uninstructed genre. Additionally, although EI+PA students were more confident as to their capability (self-efficacy) to generate ideas when compared to their EI+IND counterparts, EI+PA students’ writing motivation, characterized by internal or external motives, was significantly lower than EI+IND students. The findings of the present study corroborate and extend the limited number of prior studies illustrating the surplus value of peer-assisted writing in explicit writing instruction programs.     

Unintended knowledge learnt in primary science practical lessons

This study explored the different kinds of unintended learning in primary school practical science lessons. In this study, unintended learning has been defined as student learning that was found to occur that was not included in the teachers learning objectives for that specific lesson. A total of 22 lessons, taught by five teachers in Korean primary schools with 10- to 12-year-old students, were audio-and video recorded. Pre-lesson interviews with the teachers were conducted to ascertain their intended learning objectives. Students were asked to write short memos after the lesson about what they learnt. Post-lesson interviews with students and teachers were undertaken. What emerged was that there were three types of knowledge that students learnt unintentionally: factual knowledge gained by phenomenon-based reasoning, conceptual knowledge gained by relation- or model-based reasoning, and procedural knowledge acquired by practice. Most unintended learning found in this study fell into the factual knowledge and only a few cases of conceptual knowledge were found. Cases of both explicit procedural knowledge and implicit procedural knowledge were found. This study is significant in that it suggests how unintended learning in practical work can be facilitated as an educative opportunity for meaningful learning by exploring what and how students learnt.     

以工作过程为知识储存图式的教学浅探——以《电视节目创作与制作》课程改革为例

《电视节目创作与制作》课程改革的最大特点是：将原命题网络的知识储存图式变成了以工作过程为学生的知识储存图式。实施一个学期后,课改效果明显,笔者对此进行了分析,认为对于本专业的学生而言,以工作过程为知识储存图式,有利于学生专业知识的结构化、陈述性知识的条件化、知识提取的自动化。     

东西方画家在“书写”表现形式上的差异研究——以赵无极为例

赵无极绘画中"书写性"语言出现在其转折期的作品中,他绘画中的"书写性"表达形成了他独特的抒情抽象画风。与此同时,在西方特别是美国的抽象表现主义也兴起了一场"书写热"。但是赵无极的"书写式"语言更加东方化。本文试图通过阐述赵无极绘画语言中所表达出的东方气质的"书写性",与西方绘画在视觉上的书写形式和书写意境上的差异,从而探讨了"书写性"语言在现当代艺术中的体现和发展。     

School to Work： Using Active Learning to Teach Business Writing

To succeed as tomorrow＇s workers in the knowledge society of the new century---a world characterized by ceaseless change, boundless knowledge and endless doubt, today＇s business writing students must develop the skills and traits needed to become creative problem-solvers, flexible team-players and risk-taking life-time learners （Bereiter, 2002a）. And teachers must play an important role in helping students transit successfuUy from school to work by finding ways to develop useful life skills and the flexibility that facilitates a willingness to work cooperatively and a readiness to learn continuously. Preparing today＇s students for tomorrow＇s work world challenges 21st century teachers to reinvent their professional personas by creating a fresh professionalism founded not on old, comfortable abilities and attitudes, but on new, unfamiliar skills and traits. For many teachers （most of whom teach exactly as they were taught--typically, following the talk-chalk model that fills a classroom with five or 10 rows of passive listeners in fixed seats, and fills a class period with 50 or 60 minutes of garbled monotones in lecture format）, learning to teach in ways they were not taught represents the greatest challenge of their careers （Silberman, 1996; Hargreaves, 2003）. Challenging students and teachers to rearrange the furniture and to reconfigure the lecture, a well-considered active learning model （Bonwell ＆ Eison, 1991） can be applied to the business writing classroom （an application unexplored in the literature） to help students develop the abilities and attitudes most required for success in the work world of the 21st century （an area explored in the ＂futuristic business literature＂）--to help students learn and transit. In fact, classes in business writing, professional writing and tecl＇mical writing can function, through the use of active learning strategies, as dynamic workshops in which students can prepare for the change and doubt of the knowledge society by becoming creat