Psychometric Support for the Ownership in Exercise and Empowerment in Exercise Scales

This study's purpose was to examine the psychometric properties of two new scales developed to quantitatively measure participants' ownership in exercise classes and empowerment, with respect to exercise. These two outcome measures will compliment Achievement Goal Perspective Theory (AGPT) grounded research to better understand participants' exercise experiences. College exercise class participants (N?=?414; M _age = 21.25 years; 63% female) completed the survey during the last two weeks of a semester. Measurement invariance was assessed by a two-group (i.e., male and female) confirmatory factor analysis and used Mplus' cluster option to account for the data's nested nature. Strong invariance was achieved, which provided psychometric evidence for the ownership and empowerment in exercise measures. Additional validity support was provided by the ownership and empowerment latent relationships aligning with the researchers' a priori hypotheses. These results provide preliminary validity evidence for the Ownership in Exercise Scale (OES) and Empowerment in Exercise Scale (EES).     

Factorial Validity and Invariance Testing of the Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised in Swedish and Portuguese Exercisers

The present study investigated the factorial validity and factorial invariance of the 21-item Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised using 162 Swedish and 269 Portuguese exercisers. In addition, the prevalence of exercise dependence symptoms and links to exercise behavior, gender, and age in the two samples was also studied. Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that the hypothesized 7-factor model made a good fit to data in both samples. Multi-sample analyses supported partial measurement invariance across the samples; only factor loadings involving items 3 and 19 were noninvariant. The “Reduction in Other Activities” and “Lack of Control” factors were the most problematic scales in terms of average variance explained and reliability measures of weighted omega and Cronbach's alpha. In total, 9.2% of the Swedish sample and 5.2% of the Portuguese sample were classified as at risk for exercise dependence. Overall, the results support the factorial validity of the translated Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised in samples outside North-America, although more research is needed.     

负重振动练习与超等长练习对篮球运动员下肢力量影响的对比研究

为了完善和探索新的、科学的力量训练方法,利用Kislter测力台,运用对比试验的方法,结合运动生理和生物力学知识,将一种新的负重振动力量训练法与超等长跳深练习法进行试验研究。通过对采用两种训练方法训练的篮球运动员的自由纵跳(CMJ)、下肢快速力量指数和完成杠铃蹲起规定动作出现疲劳时间的测试分析,发现负重振动练习对发展运动员的下肢最大力量、快速力量和力量耐力较超等长跳深练习有着更为明显的效果(P<0.01)。     

运动及衰老过程中线粒体ROS机制的探讨

线粒体除了合成ATP外，还具有多种极为重要的功能，包括活性氧(ROS)的产生，氧化还原电势的调节和细胞氧化还原信号的传导，以及对细胞凋亡的调控与基因表达等。正常细胞可产生活性氧基因，生理状态下，线粒体呼吸链是ROS的主要来源。研究表明，有氧运动时骨骼肌中ROS生成增加，同时也会引起抗氧化酶的适应性改变，但具体的量化关系还不清楚。大强度运动可引起线粒体出现各种形式的氧化损伤，从而导致以呼吸链缺损和解耦联为标志的线粒体能量转换的下降。长期有氧练习可引起抗氧化酶发展适应性变化，从而提高线粒体氧化应激能力。     

热条件下运动负荷对脑的生理功能及代谢的影响

对热条件下运动负荷对脑的生理功能及代谢的影响及其与疲劳的关系做了分析研究与综述。体核温度过高会对肌肉运动能力造成损害,这与中枢疲劳有关。体温过高导致脑循环效率下降和热潴留,脑氧代谢略微升高。而脑内乳酸的释放并不受影响。中枢疲劳反应和机体运动能力的下降可能是防止机体体核温度和脑温过高的“安全阀”。     

高温高湿环境中运动前补液方法及效果研究

目的:在高温高湿环境中,脱水现象构成了对大众健身人群健康和运动能力的极大挑战,本研究旨在通过对25名自行车爱好者进行运动前补充含一定量甘油的运动饮料的方法,探究运动前补充甘油饮料对人体保水能力和运动能力的影响,为大众健身人群更好地使用甘油超水合补水法提供理论和实践依据。方法:本实验中的25名北京地区的自行车爱好者平均年龄为27.4±5.58岁,形成自身对照。运动员补充饮料后在模拟高温高湿环境训练房进行递增负荷的功率自行车运动(温度控制在35±2℃,湿度控制在60±5%),并监测其尿量、体重下降值、血乳酸、运动持续时间等指标。采用SPSS17.0统计软件包分析数据。结果:1)甘油补充对体重的影响:两组运动前后体重变化值有非常显著性差异(P<0.01);2)甘油补充对排尿量的影响:甘油实验组的运动后尿量和总尿量均明显著低于安慰对照组(P<0.05);3)甘油补充对运动持续时间的影响:甘油实验组的运动持续时间显著长于安慰对照组(P<0.01);4)甘油补充对血乳酸的影响:甘油实验组运动后即刻的血乳酸浓度明显低于安慰对照组(P<0.05)。结论:1)通过运动前后体重变化和排尿量的变化对比,表明运动前甘油补充可显著增加机体的储水能力;2)通过对安慰对照组和甘油实验组运动持续时间的对比研究表明,甘油补充组运动持续时间显著长于安慰对照组,进一步表明运动前补充甘油饮料有助于延缓运动疲劳的产生,延长运动时间;3)通过对安慰对照组和甘油实验组血乳酸的监测结果表明,甘油饮料的保水效果可显著降低机体因运动产生的代谢酸性物质,从而延缓运动疲劳。     

中老年人体育锻炼风险的识别和测度

为系统识别老龄社会中中老年人体育锻炼的风险,本研究通过学术期刊和互联网新闻报道及案例,采用内容分析方法,首先归纳和识别出中老年人体育锻炼风险的7个一级维度和22个二级维度;其次,通过专家对各级维度进行打分,分析各个维度能否很好测度中老年人体育锻炼风险。研究发现:健康风险、个人锻炼行为风险、场馆器材风险、自然环境风险、家庭矛盾风险、人际交往风险和经济消费风险能够很好测度中老年人体育锻炼风险,且专家的评分在一级维度和二级维度方面表现出高度的一致性,为今后中老年人体育锻炼风险预防和定量研究提供理论参考。     

大强度的无氧间歇练习、有氧耐力练习及其组合练习的次序对恢复期心脏自主神经功能的影响

目的：评估大强度的无氧间歇练习、有氧耐力练习及其组合练习的次序对恢复期心脏自主神经功能的影响。方法：采用随机交互设计,15名健康男性受试者分别完成4次运动：600 m间歇跑练习、30 min大强度持续跑练习、600 m间歇跑加30 min大强度持续跑练习,30 min大强度持续跑加600 m间歇跑练习,分别在运动前（0~10 min）、整个运动期间和运动后恢复期（0~20 min）记录RR间期,并进行相应HRV分析以及在运动前和运动后即刻进行血乳酸测试。结果：与安静状态相比,运动中HR、EPOC和TRIMP均显著增加,但组合练习次序间不存在显著差异;恢复期20 min内,HR随恢复时间增加逐渐降低,但同一恢复阶段不同运动方案之间无显著差异;RMSSD、SDNN、SDNN/HR、HF和LF变化相似,在整个恢复阶段均显著低于安静值,但HF和LF在恢复期（15~20 min）显著增加;而LF/HF随着恢复时间延长显著增加。结论：大强度的无氧间歇练习、持续有氧练习及其组合练习,在运动后早期恢复阶段（0~20 min）HRV变化趋于一致,提示耐力运动后心脏自主神经功能的调整可能不具有运动形式依赖性。此外,大强度无氧间歇和有氧耐力练习的组合练习次序不影响运动后恢复期心脏自主功能的调节,恢复期20 min内,交感活性仍处于较高水平。     

Validity of the New Lifestyles NL-1000 Accelerometer for Measuring Time Spent in Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity in School Settings

Current interest in promoting physical activity in the school environment necessitates an inexpensive, accurate method of measuring physical activity in such settings. Additionally, it is recognized that physical activity must be of at least moderate intensity in order to yield substantial health benefits. The purpose of the study, therefore, was to determine the validity of the New Lifestyles NL-1000 (New Lifestyles, Inc., Lee's Summit, Missouri, USA) accelerometer for measuring moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in school settings, using the Actigraph GT1M (ActiGraph, Pensacola, Florida, USA) as the criterion. Data were collected during a cross-country run (n = 12), physical education (n = 18), and classroom-based physical activities (n = 42). Significant and meaningful intraclass correlations between methods were found, and NL-1000 estimates of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity were not meaningfully different from GT1M-estimated moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. The NL-1000 therefore shows promising validity evidence as an inexpensive, convenient method of measuring moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in school settings.     

人参皂甙Rg1调节大鼠运动中及运动后糖代谢的机制研究

人参皂甙Rg1能调节机体运动中及运动后的能量代谢,然而其机制还没有阐明。本文以大鼠为实验对象,主要从机体运动后的糖原合成与运动中葡萄糖摄取方面来探讨人参皂甙Rg1的作用机制。实验结果表明,人参皂甙Rg1能够通过增强运动后糖原合成酶的活性与运动中GLUT4的转位来调节机体糖代谢。     

Measuring Physical Activity in Preschoolers: Reliability and Validity of the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time for Preschoolers (SOFIT-P)

The purpose of this study is describe the initial feasibility, reliability, and validity of an instrument to measure physical activity in preschoolers using direct observation. The System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time for Preschoolers was developed and tested among 3- to 6-year-old children over fall 2008 for feasibility and reliability (Phase I, n = 67) and in fall 2009 for concurrent validity (Phase II, n = 27). Phase I showed that preschoolers spent >75% of their active time at preschool in light physical activity. The mean inter-observer agreements scores were ≥.75 for physical activity level and type. Correlation coefficients, measuring construct validity between the lesson context and physical activity types with and with the activity levels, were moderately strong. Phase II showed moderately strong correlations ranging from .50 to .54 between the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time for Preschoolers and Actigraph accelerometers for physical activity levels. The System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time for Preschoolers shows promising initial results as a new method for measuring physical activity among preschoolers.     

河南省普通高校高年级女生课余体育参与特征与促进措施的研究

本文针对目前河南省高校高年级女生自发和有组织参与课余体育的特征进行了调查研究。具体研究发现：河南省高年级女生对学校有组织的课余体育的参与率较低,参与的空白区较大,但参与需求较高;女大学生对参加体育锻炼的重要性有一个较明确的认识,课余体育自发参与率较高,参与效果较好,选择的项目丰富但特点鲜明,体育参与时间空间较为隐蔽,体育消费意识仍需引导和开发。     

Validity of wearable activity monitors for tracking steps and estimating energy expenditure during a graded maximal treadmill test

The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of energy expenditure (EE) estimation and step tracking abilities of six activity monitors (AMs) in relation to indirect calorimetry and hand counted steps and assess the accuracy of the AMs between high and low fit individuals in order to assess the impact of exercise intensity. Fifty participants wore the Basis watch, Fitbit Flex, Polar FT7, Jawbone, Omron pedometer, and Actigraph during a maximal graded treadmill test. Correlations, intra-class correlations, and t-tests determined accuracy and agreement between AMs and criterions. The results indicate that the Omron, Fitbit, and Actigraph were accurate for measuring steps while the Basis and Jawbone significantly underestimated steps. All AMs were significantly correlated with indirect calorimetry, however, no devices showed agreement (p < .05). When comparing low and high fit groups, correlations between AMs and indirect calorimetry improved for the low fit group, suggesting AMs may be better at measuring EE at lower intensity exercise.     

论和谐社会背景下的终身体育观——兼谈课程改革与贯彻

以和谐社会为论述背景,对终身体育观逐一梳理,指出终身体育观应以人的可持续发展为指导,强调身、心和社会适应的健康发展;终身体育观必须在青少年的新课改中强化.     

影响大学生体育弱势群体康复锻炼的非身体因素及运动处方探讨

采用问卷调查、实验对照等方法,对影响大学生体育弱势群体参加体育锻炼的非身体因素进行分析,揭示既有心理原因、日常习惯以及对体育认知等主观因素,也有体育场地、器材,体育锻炼指导者等客观因素。为不同类型体育弱势群体参加体育锻炼提高身体健康制定了相应的康复运动处方。通过一年的教学对比实验,验证了运动处方的有效性。     

急性运动中骨骼肌线粒体移动相关基因表达与线粒体动力学的关系

目的:拟探讨急性运动中骨骼肌线粒体移动基因miro1、融合基因mfn2及分裂基因drp1的动态变化以及之间的相互关联.方法:以C57 BL/6小鼠一次中等强度负荷跑台运动(0°,13m/min)为实验模型,观察运动中骨骼肌miro1、mfn2、drp1mRNA表达变化,同时测定骨骼肌H2O2生成.结果:(1)120min急性运动过程中miro1 mRNA表达均较安静组显著增高,E60～E120组mfn2 mRNA表达较安静组显著降低;E60-E120组drp1 mRNA表达较安静组增高.(2)在运动中各时间点骨骼肌H2O2均较安静组显著增高.结论:线粒体移动基因的动态表达可能作为融合分裂基因表达变化的先导,协同应对细胞能量需求急剧变化产生快速应答.     

常见便携式遥测气体代谢仪核心测量指标的信度和效度分析

现代社会生活方式的改变,给人类健康带来极大的威胁。通过增加日常体力活动量（约占总能量消耗量的20%）,可以有效减少和控制慢性非传染性疾病的发生和发展,减轻社会医疗负担。便携式遥测气体代谢仪可测量自由状态下的体力活动量,因而被广泛应用于智能手机、可穿戴和虚拟现实设备的开发和应用,以及竞技体育科研等健康促进领域的研究,目前对便携式遥测气体代谢仪准确的使用范围知之不深。本文对常见的几种便携式遥测气体代谢仪（包括：Cosmed K4b2、Metamax 3B/VmaxST、Oxycon Mobile、VO2000）在不同环境、不同条件下测量的信度和效度及其核心指标VO2、VCO2和VE进行分析,以期为相关的研究和应用提供参考。     

锻炼社会支持量表的编制与信效度检验

有规律的体育锻炼对人们的身心健康具有积极的促进作用,而社会支持是影响锻炼行为的重要相关因素。因此本研究的目的在于编制和检验锻炼社会支持量表。通过结合现有研究文献和质性研究,确立了初测量表,并通过两轮定量研究,应用探索性和验证性因子分析,信度分析以及校标效度检验对该量表进行了标准化的信效度检验。结果表明锻炼社会支持量表由4个因子构成,即情感性支持、信息性支持、工具性支持、同伴性支持,共24个条目。统计分析显示,量表具有良好的结构效度、内部一致性、重测信度和校标效度。锻炼社会支持量表符合我国文化背景,可以作为在中国人群中进行锻炼社会支持测量的工具。     

我国18～69岁城市居民运动愉快感的调查研究

采用分层抽样法调查了我国上海市、天津市、成都市、武汉市和福州市5城市的2187名18～69岁的居民,主要调查了他们的运动愉快感产生情况,以及居民运动愉快感的产生与他们的体育锻炼方式和运动量的关系,并研究了有、无运动愉快感居民的心境状态、健康状况的区别。结果表明:有63.74%的居民体验到了运动愉快感,这部分居民大多是2人或2人以上结伴或集体进行体育锻炼,而且他们的运动量显著大于无运动愉快感的居民。有、无运动愉快感的居民其心境状态和健康状况也有差异,有运动愉快感的居民其心境状态显著性地好于无运动愉快感的居民,并且他们的总体健康状况(包括身体健康、心理健康、社会健康)也显著性地好于无运动愉快感的居民,说明运动愉快感是一种积极的情绪体验,是达到身心健康的一个重要的中间变量。因此,建议我国城市居民通过选择合适的运动项目、适宜的运动量,并采取结伴锻炼的方式进行体育锻炼。     

脑内5-HT能和DA能系统在运动疲劳调控作用中的研究进展

脑内神经递质5-羟色胺和多巴胺被认为与运动疲劳有关,EF是运动中一种机体机能工作效率下降的感觉,会影响运动能力。在营养补充或药物干预的动物实验研究中,发现脑内5-HT浓度增加会使啮齿动物的运动耐力降低,而DA作用则相反;但在人体实验研究中,却发现5-HT、DA和EF的关系并不统一。目前在人体中能清楚观测并重复的情况是在高温环境下(约30°C)受试者运动前1h服用DA再摄取抑制剂骑行功率自行车恒定输出时间延迟。由于5-HT能系统和DA能系统存在相互作用,相比5-HT或DA对EF的影响,两者含量的比率似乎和EF更加相关。本综述目的是介绍脑内5-HT能和DA能系统对EF的调控作用,旨在为缓解EF方法研究提供理论参考。