Exploring supplementary education: margins,theories and methods

Existing knowledge of supplementary education, that is education organised and run by political, faith or ethnic groups outside of formal schooling, is patchy. This article is an exploration of the histories of supplementary education in the twentieth century. It is organised into three sections. The article begins by reviewing some existing literature and argues that supplementary education has been a topic of marginal concern for social historians, sociologists and historians of education. This marginal status has often been reflected in the way in which a dominant account of the history of supplementary education has entered the research literature despite a rather selective evidential base. The second section of the article deploys an expansive definition of education, and presents some new historical evidence concerning African Caribbean and Irish supplementary education. A final arguments section reflects on the significance of supplementary education and suggests some topics for a future research agenda.     

Designing educational policy: A mini-primer on values,theories and tools

The paper attempts to clarify the many issues and critiques that have been raised on the occasion of the World Bank's 1995 Education Sector Review, using the example of a country official having to decide how to allocate a new influx of resources to education. It is argued that, pending future scientific developments, human capital theory and estimates of the rate of return to investment in education can illuminate such allocation decisions and even lead to diametrically opposite educational policies relative to more conventional tools. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd     

Brain drain,brain gain,and mobility: theories and prospective methods

This paper presents some theoretical and methodological considerations associated with the geographical and professional mobility of science professionals, including the conduct by the authors of a large scale survey questionnaire in Poland in 1994. It does not directly relate to research conducted elsewhere in the region, but does reflect selected issues and problems encountered.     

亳文化的价值观及其现代意义

亳州地处涡水之滨,中原腹地,为南北文化的交汇地带,周边文化在这里碰撞融合,形成独具地域特色的亳文化。其内容丰厚,如老庄道家文化、曹魏文化、华佗与中医药及养生文化、民间艺术、酒文化等。亳文化在长期的积淀中形成和谐、包容、创新的核心价值观,具有积极的现代意义,为地方社会经济的发展提供不竭的精神能量,为文化强省、强市发挥重要的作用。     

Scientific revolutions,paradigms and textbooks in development theories

The purpose of this study is to test whether Thomas Kuhn's model of scientific revolutions and his hypothesis of the ‘mirror effect’ of education apply to the history of the sociology of development, as many analysts of the field argue. Syllabi were examined from 1970 to 1981 for each of the existing graduate programs in sociology of development in Mexican major public and private universities.Results are inconsistent with the claim that the sociology of development has experienced a major scientific revolution, and we found no evidence of the existence of paradigms in the field. The same results are consistent with Kuhn's hypothesis of the ‘mirror effect’ of scientific change on textbooks and scientific training in pre-paradigmatic disciplines.     

Organizational culture,values, and routines in Iranian medical schools

In Iran, restructuring of medical education and the health care delivery system in 1985 resulted in a rapid shift from elite to mass education, ultimately leading to an increase in the number of medical schools, faculties, and programs and as well as some complications. This study aimed to investigate views on academic culture, values, and routines held by faculty members. A nation-wide survey conducted in six public medical schools in Iran. The research findings show weak organizational culture and values, together with routine behaviors sensed as a negative and low satisfaction with academic leadership. The research evidence suggests bureaucracy, politicization, conservativeness, and centralization as common features of medical schools in Iran and also suggests suitable supervisory skills to tackle the tension between governmental management and academic leadership with cultural changes, the creation of new values, and adoption more efficient routines.     

大众文化的效应、价值及转化

随着信息传播全球化的发展,文化传播在多元并存的张力作用下逐渐形成了新的意识形态,即大众文化与精英文化。特别是20世纪80年代以来,改革开放的持续深入和大众传媒对民众生活的日益渗透,使大众文化成为人们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分,关于大众文化的批判和辩解也如影随形。从本质而言,大众文化是社会生活世俗化与社会结构、价值观念多元化的结果,消费性和单向度是大众文化的重要特征,与精英文化相比,大众文化具有通俗易懂、受众范围广等显著优势,大众文化有其自身的生命周期和历史过程,这与社会的发展水平是相互印证的。     

Situated learning,professional development,and early reading intervention: A mixed methods study

The purpose of the present mixed methods study was to investigate a model of situated professional development and classroom-based early reading intervention implemented by the K–2 teaching teams from one school in a large urban/suburban school district in the southeastern United States. Twenty-nine teachers participated along with 125 students (74 intervention, 51 comparison). Student-level data sources included letter-word identification, word attack, spelling of sounds, and passage comprehension measures. Teacher-level data sources included semistructured interviews with each teacher, planning/recording documents, and pre/post questionnaires to gather information about teachers’ self-efficacy and demographics. The main conclusions were the following: (a) struggling readers eligible for intervention made significant gains, (b) struggling readers eligible for intervention made significantly greater gains than their nonstruggling peers did, (c) teachers’ reflections on the intervention and the situated professional development were generally positive, and (d) teachers’ self-efficacy for instructional strategies positively changed across the year.     

Children's observations,ideas, and the development of classroom theories about light

The purpose of this study was to examine the interaction between children's observations of light and shadows and their developing theories in the context of a series of lessons in a third-grade classroom. Detailed analysis of videotapes of the children's discussions of their investigations into light and shadows led to the finding that the children's observations of light led to the development of a limited theory about light that was largely useful in explaining classroom investigations. However, this theory of light was less helpful in helping them understanding shadow phenomena and was too limited to explain out-of-classroom observations of light and shadows.     

The development of civic values: case study of the United States of America

This chapter describes the study as it was conducted in the United States in three public schools that differed substantially in the socioeconomic status (SES) of the students who were enrolled. The results tended to differ across the schools in line with the student composition. For example, in the two higher SES schools, the emphasis was on the development of critical inquiry and thinking skills, whereas in the lower SES school the focus was on the rudiments of getting a job and becoming a productive member of society. In addition, in the two higher SES schools, there was general congruence among principal, teacher, and student perspectives. This was not the case in the lower SES school.     

学生发展理论在学生事务管理中的应用——美国学生发展理论简介

美国大学对学生发展理论的研究有着近百年的历史。美国学生发展理论包括个体与环境、社会心理、认知和价值观和整合型理论四个基本类型。这些理论分别从社会学、心理学、生态学等角度来解释学生成长和发展规律,理论研究的重点逐步从着眼于学生发展的某一特定方面转移到学生的总体发展上。近二三十年来,由于学生群体的不断变化,美国对女性学生、同性恋学生以及其他弱势群体学生的研究逐步增加。学生发展理论深刻影响了美国的学生管理实践,为学生宿舍管理、学务咨询、心理咨询等重要的学生事务管理领域提供了理论指导。     

Changing values: what use are theories of language learning and teaching?

This paper is a response to the common perception by student teachers that the research and theory courses on their program are overtheoretical and unrelated to classroom practice. While there is some support for a categorical distinction between theory and practice in language education, it is suggested that the beliefs, assumptions and knowledge of teachers are in fact inextricably bound up with what goes on in the classroom. We investigate two groups of student teachers studying at undergraduate and postgraduate level to become teachers of English to speakers of other languages. We examine the extent to which a research and theory course which both groups took in second language acquisition influenced key beliefs which students held relating to language learning during their period of study.     

旅游的产生发展、本质属性与社会价值

本文全面透视了旅游产生与发展的社会背景，提出真正意义上的旅游活动是随着阶级的产生而产生的；在检讨经济实用论者、文化审美论者和社会人类学者对旅游本质的规定的基础上，指出旅游的本质应具有多层面、多向度的意义；对旅游的消费属性和休闲属性进行了系统地论述；从扩大国家外汇收入、拓宽货币回笼渠道、增加国民就业机会、提高区域经济水平、强化民族认同意识等方面阐释了旅游发展的社会价值。     

Parallelism in the development of children's ideas and the historical development of projectile motion theories

A study of the development of children's conceptions with respect to projectile motion was carried out in Ukraine and Israel, with the participation of 1017 subjects in grades 3 to 12. The purpose of the research was to investigate the fundamental hypothesis of genetic epistemology with respect to concepts of motion. The fundamental hypothesis states that the development of children's concepts of nature parallel the historical development of the concepts. It was found that the development of children's concepts of motion proceeds by stages, with the concepts at each stage parallel to a corresponding historical stage. A mathematical model was constructed to describe development by stages quantitatively. The theoretical model gave an excellent fit to the empirical data, and this supports the hypothesis of parallelism. The two‐country research made it possible to compare the effects of quite different school science curricula upon the development of children's concepts.     

关于我国文化产业发展战略的研究

随着文化产业在世界范围内的崛起和我国改革开放的不断深入,文化产业在社会主义现代化建设中的重要地位日益显现,壮大我国文化产业已日趋成为整个社会的普遍共识.本文结合我国文化产业发展现状,不仅对为何发展文化产业进行论述,确立文化产业的战略地位,而且还探讨了文化产业的发展战略,论述了如何发展我国文化产业,才能使这一朝阳产业更具国际竞争力.     

Challenges in assessing the development of writing ability: Theories,constructs and methods

This article discusses three sets of challenges involved in the assessment of writing from a developmental perspective. These challenges include defining a workable theory of development, developing a suitable construct, and overcoming limitations in technocentric approaches to writing assessment.In North America in recent years, a burgeoning number of scholars have begun to explore the development of writing ability through the lens of knowledge transfer research. This paper discusses limitations in current and traditional conceptions of transfer, proposing a bioecological model of transfer to resolve these issues. Related to issues of transfer are challenges in defining the construct under investigation in the assessment of writing development. Beaufort's (2007) model of expertise in writing is discussed as a promising framework for defining this construct. Related to these challenges are limitations in current assessment technologies. Drawing on Huot's (2002) concept of assessment-as-research, this article discusses possibilities for broadening the range of assessment practices available to assessors of writing.     

民俗文化与康养旅游的融合发展研究——以广西大新县为例

广西大新县民俗文化多姿多彩,拥有丰富的康养旅游资源,推动民俗文化与康养旅游融合发展,不仅有利于民俗文化的传承与弘扬,更有助于大新县旅游产业提档升级,促进乡村经济发展,助力乡村振兴战略实施。大新县康养旅游产业起步较早,但目前面临着项目推进受阻、基础设施和公共服务欠缺、旅游产品开发单一、产品宣传不力等现实困境。因此,建议大新县改变传统的发展思路,建立以政府主导、市场主体的发展模式,加强民俗文化保护传承与产业化开发;多方筹措资金,完善设施建设;强化用地保障,合力推进项目建设;同时注重旅游品牌和精品塑造,加强宣传;注重可持续发展,加强人才保障,以促进大新县民俗文化与康养旅游的融合发展。     

学习理论的发展与学习创新

自古以来,关于知识的来源及其获取的方法,一直存在着经验论与唯理论之争,这些争论后来成为20世纪学习理论两大流派——行为主义和认知主义的哲学基础。建构主义是学习理论从行为主义发展到认知主义以后的进一步发展,它为当今时代学习创新提供了许多有益的启示:在学习目标上,变知识传输为知识建构;在学习方式上,倡导自主、探究、合作学习和情境学习;与此相适应,在教学上,也要从知识传授向全面促进学生的学习转变。