政府公共R＆D影响经济增长的机制研究

本文在Momles(2001)模型的基础上,对其进行完善,通过构建一个包含政府公共R＆D的内生经济增长模型,并对理论模型中的参数进行赋值,分析不同政府公共R&D方式对经济增长的影响机制.研究结果表明:(1)一方面,政府公共研发中的基础研究会产生社会知识积累效应,直接改变社会创新的成功率,进而提高总产出;另一方面,政府公共研发中的应用研究对企业研发产生挤出效应,进而降低总产出.两种效应的综合结果是提高了企业的技术水平,最终使得稳定状态下的经济增长率得到提高.(2)政府资助研发对企业研发产生拉动效应,提高了企业的技术水平,最终使得稳定状态下的经济增长率得到提高.     

我国政府R&D投入及优化研究

分析了近年来我国政府R&D投入的规模及结构的变动情况,运用柯布-道格拉斯函数模型测度了政府R&D投入的最优规模及结构.研究表明,与最优水平相比,目前政府R&D投入规模上增长相对滞后,结构上向公共研发机构及基础研究的投入偏低.因此,应加大政府R&D投入力度,加强政府资金在公共研发领域的投入,促使政府科技活动向"本位"回归.     

中国医药制造业研发效率及影响因素

本文利用随机前沿生产函数测算了中国医药制造业的研发效率,并考察了科技活动经费筹集额中政府资金、技术改造经费支出、企业规模以及市场结构等因素对研发效率的影响.研究发现,医药制造业的研发效率整体偏低,但呈现"三平稳两增长"的增长状态.企业规模、市场结构、技术改造经费和研发效率显著正相关,而科技活动经费筹集额中政府资金对研发效率的作用不明显.     

对外开放、政府规模与经济增长——基于1978～2015年我国省域面板数据的实证分析

基于1978~2015年省域面板数据,实证检验了中国改革开放以来对外开放、政府规模对经济增长的协同影响。研究发现:开放度主要通过影响要素投入效率进而影响经济增长,政府规模的扩张对经济增长长期具有牵制作用。在开放背景下,剔除改革开放初期计划经济因素影响,政府规模与经济增长之间的分时期关系体现出"先正后负"的"阿米曲线"效应。     

政府财政研发投入与经济增长的协整检验——基于1989-2007年的数据分析

为探寻我国政府财政研发投入与经济增长的关系,本文运用协整方法对样本期内的数据(1989～2007)进行检验.实证结果表明:经济增长与政府财政科技拨款和科技活动活动经费内部支出总额存在长期均衡关系,政府研发投入可以促进经济增长;从长期趋势看,政府财政科技投入对经济增长的影响明显高于科技活动活动经费内部支出总额的影响.为实现自主创新战略及建设创新型国家的宏伟目标,应借鉴国际发达国家研发投入经验,稳定增加政府财政科技投入并优化我国研发经费支出结构,创新我国财政科技投入管理机制.     

中央、省和市三级政府规模对经济增长的实证分析

以全国、广东省、中山市1995 - 2007年的数据描述三级政府规模与经济增长的变化情况,并用菲德模型检测各级政府规模对经济增长的差异性影响.研究结果表明,各级政府规模变化轨迹并非简单的扩大或缩小,而是呈运动变化势;省、市地方政府规模对经济增长的决定性作用不显著,中央政府显著;各级政府部门的边际生产力低于非政府部门的边际生产力;各级政府的消费性支出对经济增长产生外溢效应,其中市级政府的消费性支出对经济增长产生负外溢效应.     

企业研究与开发的规模报酬与政府政策

文章综述了传统的研发驱动的内生经济增长理论,通过引入模型讨论了研发的规模报酬递减条件下企业研发投入及政府的研发政策,并结合我国产业的现状指出政府为产业领先者提供生产补贴和研发补贴并对新的产业领先企业的利润征税能使社会福利达到最优.     

政府管理活动对经济增长的影响

在已经过去的20世纪,许多国家工业化经济体相对规模急剧庞大,人们开始担心,这种增长趋势可能对国家经济发展造成不利影响。本文探讨了政府管理活动与经济增长之间的关系。首先,在分析统计数据的基础上,回顾了部分国家公共管理部门长期增长时的经济状态,并解释出现这些经济状态的原因是政治体制本身固有的功能造成政府效率低下;进一步探讨了,对于经济发展,政府通过管理手段干预可能产生积极还是消极效果的主要原因;通过事实证明,政府管理公共支出,尤其是那些为了应对市场失灵的公共支出,常常是有利于经济增长,而大多数税收阻碍经济发展。     

公共资本、政府公共支出与省区经济增长收敛再检验——基于面板数据模型实证分析

本文在测算1990-2005年31个省市的生产性公共资本存量基础上,通过研究公共支出对经济增长的贡献弹性发现:非生产性公共支出与经济增长呈负相关关系,公共资本却有利于省区经济增长。经济增长收敛模型的实证结果表明包含公共资本和公共支出的结构变量的情况下,20世纪90年代以来出现新古典经济增长收敛趋势。上述结论为政府公共支出的增量规模与结构优化提供理论借鉴。最后给出改变目前省区公共支出状况的政策建议,也将是缩小区域经济差距的有效措施。     

从公共品的生产看科学发展观

经济增长与经济发展是既有区别,又有联系的两个概念,经济增长主要是指经济规模的扩大,而经济发展则是指经济规模的扩大和质量的提高,同时也是人的生活质量的提高。从科学发展观的本质和内涵来看,其所带来的影响具有强烈的外部性。因此,应该把科学发展观的结果(产出)看作是公共产品,以发展经济学的理论为基础,从公共经济的角度来研究政府在实现科学发展观过程中的公共支出行为。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence     

Chinese Scientists Use Earth Observation Technologies to Study and Protect Wild Camels

<正>Chinese scientists plan to apply Earth Observation technologies to protect the critically endangered wild camels(Camelus ferus).With the help of remote sensing,satellite positioning,geographical information system and wireless sensors networks,they will be able to access the distribution and population of the wild camels and protect their habitats.The project will be carried out by the International Research Center for Wild Camel Conservation,which was jointly established earlier this year by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth(RADI)of the Chinese     

More than Skin Deep – Understand Skin Biology by Means of Dermatogenomics

<正>The Paul Gerson Unna Research Group on Dermatogenomics was founded in October 2012 at the Partner Institute for Computational Biology.The ultimate goal of the group is to understand the biology of skin and skin appendages.