美国学区的特点与运行机制

美国的教育实行的是分权制的管理体系,分联邦、州、学区三级。学区制是由于历史原因形成的。它产生于英属殖民地时期。美国学区又称地方学区(Local School District)。它有两层含义:(1)学区是一教育行政单位;(2)学区是一上学区域单位。我们可以给它定义为:由各州立法机构设立的为居住在服务区内的儿童提供公共教育的实体。它有一定的地理空间范围,大小因州而异。美国学区是州对教育实行管理的工具,是美国地方教育行政机构,是州的最基层的教育行政单位,是直接经营和管理学校的地方公共团体。     

美国学区教育督导角色的演变及启示

地方学区是美国教育行政管理的基层组织。相比州级和县市级教育督导,美国学区教育督导与地方学校的关系更为密切。学区教育督导的职责主要是对学校的课程、教学、教育科研等工作进行督导,提供咨询和合理化     

美国学区教育督导角色的演变及启示

地方学区是美国教育行政管理的基层组织。相比州级和县市级教育督导,美国学区教育督导与地方学校的关系更为密切。学区教育督导的职责主要是对学校的课程、教学、教育科研等工作进行督导,提供咨询和合理化建议以促进学校的教学管理。他们既是地方教育委员会充分信赖的专家和联络员,又充当了地方教育委员会代言人的角色。     

美国地方学区管理机制研究

美国地方学区管理是美国独具特色的公立学校管理形式,也是美国民主的重要表现形式之一,为美国社会的发展做出了应有的贡献。随着社会结构和需求的变化,美国地方学区管理模式的合法性和有效性也受到诸多质疑与挑战。为此,本文从地方学区董事会成员组成、地方学区董事会与学监的运行机制、当前学区董事会面临的主要挑战以及为此所做的改革等方面...     

美国学区管理权力分布发展态势

美国学区管理中的权力分配随着时代的发展而变化。在过去几十年中,美国学区管理中的权力分配布局逐渐发生变化。这种变化促成了学区管理由集权管理到分权管理的发展态势。     

审视美国学区教育筹资制度

本文介绍和评价了美国学区教育筹资制度的基本机制,指出美国因地制宜地扩大学区规模,学区内教育筹资决策具有自治性和民主性,其教育经费收支兼顾公平和效率,学区筹资的责任随着美国税收结构的发展而变动.这些具体制度对中国构筑县区内健全的教育筹资体制具有借鉴意义.     

美国学区管理方式的发展态势

在过去几十年中,美国学区管理中的权力分配随着时代的发展而逐渐变化,促成了学区管理由集权管理到分权管理的发展态势。     

学区管理助力学校发展

北京市朝阳区小学数量多、分布广、差距大、类型杂。为此,朝阳区实施了学区管理,即根据小学分布情况划分学区,赋予学区人财物管理实权,落实学区责权利管理职能,不断缩小学区内小学教育的差距,建立促进学区内小学发展的有效机制。     

阿卡迪亚学区教务信息管理系统

教务管理是学校中最基本、最经常、最大量的工作,是学校管理的中心工作。信息技术对教育发展具有革命性影响。将信息技术融合在学校教务管理中,将在很大程度上提升教务管理的效率和水平。美国绝大多数中小学已经开始使用基于网络的教务信息系统,实现了教务管理的信息化。以下以加州阿卡迪亚学区正在使用的教务信息系统为例加以说明。     

学区集团化管理成本收益分析

学区集团化管理是促进区域义务教育均衡发展的途径之一,已成为我国多个区域推进教育均衡发展的有力抓手。运用成本收益分析法,从政策作用的主客体,教育管理者、教育举办者、教育者和受教育者角度,探讨学区集团化管理这一教育政策的实践效果,进一步完善学区集团化管理,要促进"合作利益"的产生和分享,鼓励学区成员参与不同合作群体。     

矩阵的主、次、行、列转置的研究

本将高等代数的中的“矩阵的转置”定义为“矩阵的主转置”,由此给出矩阵的次转置、行转置、列转置的定义,得出相关结论,并予以严格证明,这对矩阵的深入研究有着极其重要的意义。     

红楼一曲绝唱 诗词尽显魅力

《红楼梦》这部小说中含有150多首诗词，有传统诗词之美，小说人物命运的叙述生动感人，又有当今语体文甚至口语的色彩，红楼梦的艺术世界是多彩诱人的，小说学为读者营造了一方“诗词天地”。忽略诗词鉴赏，就不能全面把握《红楼梦》艺术特征，也不能真正认识它的作者，因此，读懂这部书的文辞，品味其诗词韵味，会是一种享受，《红楼梦》以小说文本的可接爱性而雅供共赏，一定会在当前素质教育的诗文美育中起到促进作用。     

上古音系不必立祭废至队曷桓戈部

上古韵部划分是上古音研究的核心部分,韵部划分至清代虽已渐臻完备,但学界对韵部进行再划分的工作一直未断。李新魁先生在二十九部基础上分出祭、废、至、队、曷、桓、戈七部,将上古韵部分为三十六部,其分部的依据不合理,故不必立祭、废、至、队、曷、桓、戈七部。     

Cowan,Whiteness, Resistance to Brown,and the Persistence of the Past

In this paper, I examine the use of litigation as a strategic tool of resistance for thwarting school desegregation. Utilizing Cowan v. Bolivar County Board of Education as a case study, I argue that, despite losing the constitutional right to racially segregate public schools according to an explicit white supremacist doctrine, whites in Bolivar County, Mississippi, were successful in stemming the impending tide of social change associated with school desegregation through litigation. Litigious resistance not only provided southern whites with a racially moderate epistemology for undermining school desegregation regionally, but their legal challenges to school desegregation also laid the groundwork for non-southern white animus toward all federal education policies that promoted racial inclusion.     

《西游记》杂剧对《西游记》小说影响的再认识

通过考察中国戏曲与小说的发展轨迹，结合两的整体关系，指出《西游记》杂剧记叙唐僧取经内容完整，结构宏大，由此演进为小说具有必然性，并进而对它在后世百回本小说《西游记》成书过程中的影响和作用作了具体、客观的评析。     

School disciplines,social representations,and the construction of the didactics of history,geography, and civics

The author presents a concept of the didactics of history, geography, and civics that seeks to link, through a single dynamic, the civic, political, and social goals of school knowledge with everyday classroom practice and pupils' learning. Two concepts occupy the heart of this construction: those of school disciplines and social representations. The concept of school disciplines addresses the fact that school knowledge is a creation of the school, designed to enable it to achieve the social goals it is assigned. A school discipline is thus a particular combination of goals, content (in the form of shared knowledge), methods, and practices. The concept of social representations is a tool serving to analyze knowledge as theories of the natural and social world, its production, and its reception by the different actors involved.     

Investigations into the relationships of the WRAT,the PIAT,the SORT,and the WISC-R in low-functioning referrals

Research involving standardized reading achievement tests has been widespread, but there has been little investigation into the relationships among the more widely used tests of reading achievement. In the present study, the Reading subtest of the WRAT, the Reading Comprehension subtest of the PIAT, and the SORT were compared with each other and with the WISC-R. Results showed a high correlation between the WRAT and the PIAT, a moderately high correlation between the SORT and the PIAT, and a very low correlation between the SORT and the WRAT. The WRAT and the PIAT had higher correlations with the various components of the WISC-R than did the SORT. These findings imply that the WRAT and the PIAT measure essentially the same dimension of reading achievement, possibly verbal fluency, but that the SORT is measuring a different dimension, one that is also tapped to some extent by the PIAT.     

The unintended consequences of school inspection: the prevalence of inspection side-effects in Austria,the Czech Republic,England, Ireland,the Netherlands,Sweden, and Switzerland

It has been widely documented that accountability systems, including school inspections, bring with them unintended side effects. These unintended effects are often negative and have the potential to undo the intended positive effects. However the empirical evidence is limited. Through a European comparative study we have had the rare opportunity to collect empirical evidence and study the effects (both intended and unintended) of school inspections (a key system of accountability) in a systematic way, across seven countries. We present the findings of the unintended effects in this paper. Survey self-report responses from school principals in each country, with differing school inspection systems, are analysed to measure the prevalence of these unintended effects and to investigate the part played by pressure to do well in inspections. A key finding is that increasing pressure in school inspection systems is associated with the undesired effect of the narrowing and refocusing of the curriculum and instructional strategies. We also show that a proportion of school principals admit to misrepresenting the school in data sent to the inspectorate and show evidence for formalisation/proceduralisation (excessive focus on records) and ossification (fear of experimentation in teaching), although these factors are less related to changes in pressure.     

UNESCO,the Faure Report,the Delors Report,and the Political Utopia of Lifelong Learning

Two education reports commissioned by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Learning to be, otherwise known as the Faure report (1972) and Learning: The treasure within, otherwise known as the Delors report (1996), have been associated with the establishment of lifelong learning as a global educational paradigm. In this article, which draws on archival research and interviews, I will explore how these two reports have contributed to debates on the purpose of education and learning. In the first half, I will shed light on their origins, the context in which they came about, how they have been received by the education community and by UNESCO member states and how they have been discussed in the scholarly literature. In the second half, I will discuss the key themes of the reports, in particular lifelong learning as the global educational ‘master concept’. In the last section, I will reflect on how the Faure report and the Delors report are still relevant for our debates about learning today. I will argue that the concept of lifelong learning, as put forward by these reports, was a political utopia which is at odds with today's utilitarian view of education.     

主位理论、主位推进模式与翻译

借助功能语言学主位和主位推进模式有关理论来分析语篇的衔接、信息分布、连贯、语篇发展以及译者如何利用这些分析结果充分解读翻译源文,在以语篇为翻译单位时,采取何种相应的翻译对策,生成在功能和效果上与之相当的目的语语篇。