介词“in”容器隐喻的释义与翻译

文章在认知隐喻的理论框架下,基于中国文化和英美文化的差异,讨论了介词 in 容器隐喻的释义和翻译。研究发现：in 的基本空间义和“在……里面”并不完全对等;in 由空间域向其他域的映射用法,汉语里有的有,有的没有;in 由空间域向其他域的映射用法分为直接映射和间接隐射;汉语完全将“in”对应地译为“在……里面”的情况较少,绝大部分情况都译成其他表述形式。     

Affordances and constraints of computers in science education

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, computers in science teaching were seen as a panacea for many problems plaguing the domain. While considerable research has been done to determine cognitive achievements of students who interact with computers during their science learning, more basic questions have not yet been addressed. This study was designed to investigate how computers and a modeling software contributed to students' interactions and learning in a physics course. The interpretations focused on the microworld as a tool that supported but also limited students' sense-making activities. First, the computer microworld contributed in significant ways to the maintenance and coordination of students' physics conversations. Second, the computer environment (a) was sometimes “unready to hand” so that students spent more time learning the software rather than physics, and (b) limited the interactions within groups. It was concluded that while computer environments have some potential as learning tools, they also limit interactions in significant ways, rendering them less than ideal for everyday classroom use. With the use of software … students can be provided with the necessary tools and experiences to practice the investigative skills used by scientists and mathematicians… [Students] can pursue specific topics of their own interest and deal with this information in sufficient depth to construe personal meaning to various concepts. (Barman, 1993, p. viii) In educational applications, user interface design has received little attention, despite the fact that the interface is particularly important for educational software… This concern goes much deeper than the nebulous concept most often represented by the buzz phrase, ‘user friendliness.’ (Jackson, Edwards, & Berger, 1993b, p. 414) © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

否定词与“了”共现结构的汉韩对比研究

汉语动词按时间特征可分为持续性动词和非持续性动词,在句法平面,否定词与＂了＂共现的格式对汉语动词具有选择性：持续类动词可以无条件进入,非持续动词必须有条件地进入。同时,汉语的＂不……了＂和＂没有……了＂与韩语的＂…■…■＂＂…■…＂对应也较工整。语用平面中,汉语否定形式基本不受语境的干扰,而韩语则有时要通过产生新的否定方式来满足语境变化的需求。     

Work Hard to Build a Socialist Educational System with Chinese Characteristics

The main tasks of this work conference on education are to conscientiously study and implement the spirit of the Seventh Plenary Session of the Party's Thirteenth Congress, … and proceeding from the actualities of the education front, to study and discuss the ten-year program and Eighth Five-Year Plan for national education; and to make dispositions for this year's work. The State Education Commission has already drawn up a draft containing the main points of the ten-year program and Eighth Five-Year Plan for national education. I now offer a few suggestions focused on the guiding thought, objectives of struggle, and other such issues in education over the next ten years.…     

Engaging Reflection: A Training Exercise Using Conversation and Discourse Analysis

The author describes an exercise for counselor trainees that promotes counselor reflection on the counseling process. The exercise, which also supports a social constructionist view of counseling, was introduced before, or concurrent with, skill development and required students to combine conversation and discourse analysis of their interactions with “clients.” Methods of analysis are presented, along with specific instructions for the exercise, trainees' comments, and the author's reflections regarding the exercise. We are seeking to complete and be completed … not to understand and be understood cognitively, not to get it right.     

The Spring and Autumn of Revolution

… My mother was, in fact, the teacher that started my education, and even before I first went to school, she had already taught me to recite poems of the T'ang and the Sung. I received my first schooling when I was four-and-a-half years old. There was a family school in my home that accepted mostly people from our own family, with the exception of one or two children of some relatives. The number of pupils was 10 or 12, and though it was a very small school, it included a variety of grades comprising college, middle school, primary school, and even kindergarten students….     

Contesting the Limond thesis on British influence in Irish education since 1922: a comparative perspective

This paper is a response to David Limond's exposition, “[An] historical culture … rapidly, universally, and thoroughly restored”? British influence on Irish education since 1922', which appeared in Comparative Education, Vol. 46, No. 4, November 2010, pp. 449–462. Limond's overall thesis is that ‘a post-colonial overhang affects Irish policy-makers and bureaucrats in their educational policies and practices’. This paper contests three main aspects of Limond's exposition. First, in his analysis of the period 1831–1922, he fails to place sufficient emphasis on the extent to which the educational system was favoured by the Catholic Church, which operated in a manner which served not only its own interests, but also those of the middle classes of Irish Catholic farmers, merchants and business people. Secondly, he does not sufficiently indicate the extent to which the structure of Irish education from the early years of independence until the mid-1960s, and associated curriculum changes, were very different from the situation in Britain at the time. Thirdly, while he is correct in stating that, since the 1960s, Ireland has imported certain ideas on educational policy and practice from Britain, he neglects to demonstrate that there were also other sources, and that they were probably more dominant than the British ones. Hopefully, as a rejoinder, the paper will be read in a positive light by indicating how the historical study of Irish education within a comparative context is a neglected area of scholarship, and thus stimulate researchers to address the situation.     

'Accreditation' of engineering studies: Formal systems versus individual responsibility

The globalization of the world's economy (and its labour market) reveals a growing need for graduate mobility. In this free global market, educational institutions are under increased pressure to show their intrinsic value, to define and guarantee their quality and to show continually their relevance to their communities and national governments (often the main financial stakeholder). Accreditation of degrees (and institutions) by a recognized international authority (or by an international network of recognized national authorities) is often quoted as the solution to address the needs of mobility and quality assurance. I believe that the process of accreditation is not the fundamental answer to these needs. Accreditation in education can be a stabilizing factor in a small-scale economical system, but it fails on a large (global) scale. The reason for this is that any accreditation scheme judges quality in an arbitrary way. The key to opening up free mobility of competencies and to leveraging quality education is to develop a system to measure objectively an individual's competence. A system that makes the abstract notion of 'competence' tangible to anyone, but that leaves the judgement open to the ones who need to judge…     

Letter writing throughout the ages

‘… Meantime I writ to Romeo That he should hither come, as this dire night To help to take her from her borrow'd grave, Being the time the potion's force should cease, But he which bore my letter, friar John, Was stay'd by accident; and yesternight Return'd my letter back.’

Romeo and Juliet

     

Recollections at Fifty

My home district, Jung-hsien, is a county that belonged in former times to Kwangsi's Wu-chou Prefecture….     

Globalization: "Making Geography Irrelevant"

Marshall McLuhan and Quentin Fiore, in 1967, declared the advent of a "new audio-visual age of global Gemeinschaft":1 "Electric circuitry has overthrown the regime of 'time' and 'space' and pours upon us incessantly and continually the concerns of all other men… .     

Reconsidering Schools and the American Welfare State

Recalling her experience as an exchange teacher in Birmingham, England, in 1938–39, in the midst of the Great Depression, Oregon teacher Mary Kelly, wrote: When I witnessed the first‘leaving’day … in one of the Birmingham schools and learned that as soon as the majority of the English children were fourteen they were through with regular schooling forever, I almost shed tears. “Do you mean that those girls will never go to high school?” I asked. “Yes it is true.” ”Will they have jobs or will they be idle?” “The Education Department will place most of them in positions in homes, shops or factories ….” There were no graduation exercises, no lovely new dresses, no parents or relatives invited. I thought of my high‐school graduation, which possibly would never have been if education was not free, because the means were limited. Still another graduation after going through college on nothing a year permitted me to take up teaching ….To me, at that moment, there was nothing more precious than democracy and I mean the American way.¹     

The magnifying-glass mentality

Junior picked up the odd, round piece of glass lying on the coffee table. At three he didn't quite know what it was, but it intrigued him. Outside he went. Down on his hands and knees on the grass, he put it in front of his right eye, and peered into the turf. He let out a scream, dashed into the house, and told his mom that they were being attacked by a monster who was large enough to gulp him up in one bite. As of today, he is still safe. Lee worked in a large company as a Performance Technologist (PT) and Human Resources Development (HRD) specialist, and was soon assigned a job…there were problems in the sales department. Orders were decreasing. Turning to standard and accepted magazines and books, Lee elected to do a task analysis…and attacked the problem by analyzing it, and developed a course on selling techniques. Sales continued downward.     

Before I Was Sixty

I was born on April 27, 1884, which was the 11th year of the reign of Emperor Kuang-hsü of the Ch'ing dynasty, or 27 years before the birth of the Republic of China. My great-great grandfather was a farmer. My great grandfather moved from Shao-hsing to Hangchow, where he learned the trade of shoe-making and was therefore a worker. Later, by operating his own shop, he became a merchant as well. My grandfather was a scholar. He passed all the civil service examinations and was a metropolitan official for twenty-odd years before he passed away. Although my father tried to keep up the family tradition of scholarly pursuits, he did not succeed in being more than a student in the county school….     

英语毗邻原则研究

谓语动词与其相临近的主语在人称和数上一致性的原则适用于 :“Therebe”句型 ;有Ei ther…or…连接的两个主语 ;由Neither…nor…连接的两个主语 ;由Notonly…but(also)…连接两个并列主语 ;以及由Not…but…连接两个并列主语的情况     

Prospective teachers' conceptions of teaching and learning revealed through metaphor analysis

This study investigated the metaphors that prospective teachers in Turkey (N = 1,142) formulated to describe the concept of “teacher”. Participants completed the prompt “A teacher is like… because…” by focusing on only one metaphor to indicate their conceptualization of teaching and learning. Altogether 64 valid personal metaphors were analyzed and 10 main conceptual themes were identified. Significant associations were detected between participants' gender and study program type and six of the conceptual themes. Metaphors seem to provide a powerful cognitive tool in gaining insight into prospective teachers' professional thinking.     

Leveraging student engagement for student and institutional success

We all know the importance of student engagement to student learning. Gavin W. Henning argues that the upside doesn't end there … the institution as a whole also benefits.     

Rethinking silence in the classroom: Chinese students’ experiences of sharing indigenous knowledge

Recent research has documented silence/reticence among East‐Asian international students, including Chinese students, in Western/English classrooms. Students’ communication competence and cultural differences from the mainstream Euro‐American society have been identified as two primary barriers to participation. Placing emphasis on individual characteristics of Chinese students, however, without considering aspects of the educational context with which those characteristics interact, may over‐simplify and distort the mechanism underlying their silence in the classroom. Based on a qualitative study of Chinese students’ experience of sharing indigenous knowledge in classroom settings of Canadian academic institutions, it is argued that the pursuit of diversity in the classroom may be compromised by classroom interactions, through which, for instance, the dynamics and quality of the knowledge exchange of students from different socio‐cultural backgrounds may be adversely affected. Within this conceptual framework, the concepts ‘silence’, ‘culture difference’ and ‘indigenous knowledge’ are re‐examined; the concepts ‘reciprocal cultural familiarity’ and ‘inclusive knowledge sharing’ are advocated.

… [W]hen I did participate, mostly because I was required to. … Students took turns to present something and that is your topic. You have to say something but even then I didn’t feel that good because it seems … they didn’t feel that interested, … like they couldn’t follow my ideas, follow my perspective. And so it seems difficult to communicate. I think that is not just because of the language, it seems we see the same thing in different ways.

(Chinese student in this study)     

Participatory curriculum development: Lessons drawn from teaching environmental education to industry in Zimbabwe

My experience of teaching the Rhodes University/Speciss College Environmental Education Course in Zimbabwe alerted me to a tension between the industry course participants who largely (although not entirely) wanted a skills/vocational training orientation and the course curriculum developers, who wanted a critical/theoretical/praxis-based orientation to the course. This paper is an attempt to offer some resolution of the dilemma this provided the course developers. I begin by briefly describing the tension historically and internationally and giving an outline of Fairclough's (1999) position in its regard. I then suggest that a conventionalist interpretation of the participatory/contextualist method of curriculum development should be avoided, arguing that conventionalism is covertly anti-epistemological in that it leads to the thesis that epistemic standards do not rest on truth/validity claims but on convention (Haack, 1993, p. 20). Thus contextualisation, interpreted as conventionalism, becomes inherently conservative. Instead I suggest an approach to curriculum development based on Haack's (1993, p. 73) explicandum of epistemic justification: 'A is more/less justified, at time t, in believing that p, depending on …'. Thus, if there is good enough (note: not absolute) evidence to disagree with the community's construction of what the best curriculum should be, provided we can demonstrate our disagreement with intellectual integrity, then it is appropriate to go against the grain of the majority of the community's construction of its curriculum needs (in this case, the call for skills-based training), and instead attend to the requirements of a minority of the community.