浅谈土地整治工程的发展目标及质量提升管理办法

"但存方寸地,留与子孙耕"。耕地保护关系到国家粮食安全,关系到经济社会协调发展。面对耕地保护形势十分严峻的现状,要求我们必须走节约、集约利用土地的路子,必须深入贯彻"十分珍惜和合理利用每寸土地"这一基本国策,必须不断提升为响应国家占补平衡政策下新增耕地的质量,努力提高土地生产能力和利用效率,促进农业增效、农民增收和农村发展。     

选择实验法视角的耕地生态补偿意愿实证研究——基于湖北武汉市问卷调查

耕地生态补偿的主要相关利益主体对于生态补偿政策的接受程度和可能反应,是未来中国设计耕地保护政策时必须考虑的核心问题.本文选用湖北武汉市中心城区与远城区361份市民和383份农户的实地问卷调查数据,从选择实验法视角,分析城乡居民对于耕地面积、耕地质量与肥力、耕地周边景观与生态环境和耕地保护支付成本4项保护属性及所组合方案政策的可能反应和接受意愿.研究表明: ①城乡居民对除货币属性外的耕地保护属性的偏好与接受意愿存在差异,居民对耕地周边景观与生态环境的关注程度最高,其次是耕地质量与肥力,关注较少的是耕地面积;②所有耕地保护属性组成的7个方案中,最优方案的支付意愿最高,意味着居民期待耕地面积、耕地质量与肥力和周边的景观与生态环境都得以改善;③城乡居民之间偏好与意愿存在着差异,这与社会经济背景,区域环境质量与文化程度有较强相关性.因此,以提高周边景观与生态环境属性的耕地保护政策,是未来耕地保护政策设计首要选择.     

耕地保护区域补偿机制研究

本文从我国耕地保护主要问题的辨析入手,认为以耕地保护产权不清为特征的基本制度缺陷和地方政府的制度扭曲是耕地保护制度失灵的主要原因。在此基础上,本文提出了两个理论命题:一是市场失灵和政府失灵,其主要表现在耕地保护产权不清、耕地价值不完全、制度没有对耕地保护产权界定和耕地保护制度扭曲;另一是耕地保护机制创新——构建耕地保护区域补偿机制,并对这一机制构建提出了基本的思路。     

西藏城市化过程耕地保护初探

在我国实施西部大开发战略背景下,西藏将迎来城市化快速发展的新阶段,这必然给耕地保护带来极大的挑战和压力.分析了西藏耕地资源的现状与城市化对耕地保护带来的严重影响,并就应对城市化所应采取的耕地保护对策提出合理建议.     

全面深入推进耕地质量监测与保护,确保国家粮食安全

耕地是粮食生产的命根子,是农业生产的基础.保障粮食安全,重点是做到"藏粮于地、藏粮于技",这是确保国家粮食安全的物质基础.为确保国家粮食安全,农业农村部将落实最严格的耕地保护制度,坚决遏制耕地"非农化"和防止耕地"非粮化".同时,全面深入推进耕地质量监测与保护,更好发挥农业科技的作用,推动耕地保护利用与地力提升.     

耕地保护的外部性及其测算——以河南省焦作市为例

本文基于耕地生态系统服务功能的类型、作用过程及其形态等特征的不同,重构了耕地利用效益体系,并从外部性供体、受体出发对耕地保护外部性的概念、类型、影响及其补偿进行了界定和分析,同时提出了耕地保护外部性测算的思路和方法.以河南省焦作市为研究区域.以2006年为研究时段,运用综合方法和条件价值法对其耕地保护的外部性进行了测算.研究结果表明:①耕地利用效益体系中的生态和社会效益具有强烈的外部性,该外部性促进耕地非农化速度进一步加快;②耕地保护总体外部性包括区内外部性和区际外部性,耕地保护总体外部性补偿依赖于区内外部性和区际外部性实现程度;③基于综合方法测算出的焦作市2006年耕地保护外部性为15542.3元/hm2,基于CvM测算出的焦作市2006年耕地保护外部性为1020.4元/hm2,该测算结果可作为耕地保护外部性补偿的最高和最低标准;④耕地保护区际外部性测算表明,孟州市、沁阳市、武陟县、温县和修武县是耕地保护外部性盈余县(市),属于区际补偿输入区,市辖区和博爱县是耕地保护外部性赤字县(区),属于区际补偿输出区;⑤应在耕地保护外部性测算基础上,尽快建立耕地保护外部性内部化机制.     

农民弃田抛荒的深层次原因分析

近年我国一直在采取严格的耕地保护制度,但耕地面积却仍然不断下降,农村许多地方仍有不同程度的耕地抛荒现象.产生这种现象的原因有很多方面,受利益驱动的影响、制度运行和政策环境的影响、自然条件的影响及心理方面的影响等.只有剖析清楚土地被弃耕的原因,才能知道采取什么样的对策保护耕地.这是我国实现经济、社会全面可持续发展的关键和基础.     

北京城市居民需要导向下的耕地功能保护

虽然实施了世界上最严格的耕地保护制度,我国耕地保护仍然无法实现耕地数量、质量和生态的动态平衡。尤其在类似北京这样的大都市,仅仅倡导一般意义上的耕地保护已无法遏制耕地锐减的势头,必须重新审视城市居民需要导向下的耕地功能,并把保护耕地提升到保护耕地多元化功能的高度,是大城市耕地保护可能出路。耕地功能即耕地满足人的多种需要的功用。人的需要具有多层次性和层次渐进特征,在人的需要的不同发展阶段,耕地的主次功能各异,且前者的发展与后者的演替具有协同性。对北京而言,城市居民需要阶段性与耕地功能的演替相对应。文章以恩格尔系数和问卷调查数据为依据,对北京城市居民水平和需要发展阶段分别进行界定和验证,以此为基础提出不同时期应重点保护的耕地功能。研究表明,在北京城市居民需求的第一阶段,应以保护耕地的生产功能为主;在城市居民需求的第二阶段,应着重保护和发挥耕地的生产功能和旅游观光休闲功能;在大城市城市居民发展的第三阶段,应重视耕地的多功能性,保护其生态服务功能、景观服务功能、旅游观光休闲功能和社会服务功能等。     

我国耕地占补平衡政策实施困境及科技创新方向

耕地占补平衡作为我国耕地保护制度的重要组成部分,是对工业化、城镇化建设占用耕地不断扩大的重要补救措施。当前,耕地占补平衡面临耕地后备资源枯竭、建设用地和生态用地占用耕地需求居高不下的困境,地方占多补少、占优补劣、破坏生态等异化行为危及国家粮食安全和生态安全。在耕地保护制度转型的大背景下,必须深刻理解我国人地矛盾的长期性、极端性和复杂性,明确耕地占补平衡在保护耕地资源、优化国土空间、促进均衡发展方面的不可替代作用;以科技创新为引领,提升全社会耕地资源认知水平,加快形成以耕地质量和产能为核心的占补平衡新体系、差异化耕地占补平衡调控机制、生态优先的全域土地综合整治工程技术体系;实施中国耕地资源安全保障重大科技行动,强化耕地资源全要素监测监管能力和科技支撑能力,全面提升我国耕地保护监督的科学决策与智慧管理水平,支撑耕地保护向数量、质量、生态“三位一体”纵深发展。     

利用经济措施促进耕地保护之探析

经济措施一直是各国用于耕地保护的重要方法.本文首先从数量保护、质量保护、生态保护等方面,论述了耕地保护的内涵;随后论述了我国现行的用于耕地保护的经济补偿措施,包括:粮食直补政策和农资综合直补政策和粮食综合补贴制度.最后,论述了美、日、欧三个国家和地区的用于耕地保护的经济措施.并论述了其对我国耕地保护的启示.     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

Low doses of a red wine ingredient figh diabetes in mice

Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Molecular motor assembly of a biomimetic system

Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence