柔韧与刚强——论中日文化中悲剧意识的差异

悲剧向来被认为是最高的文学形式，它作为人类宏大文化乐章中的一个音符，始终吹奏着时代的最强音，具有持久的震撼力和极深的文化意义。而根植于悲剧土壤中的悲剧意识形式，作为民族心理的一个缩影，已成为民族文化的重要载体。中国和日本作为一衣带水的邻国，又有两千多年的文化交流，却孕育出了异质的悲剧文化，形成了不同的悲剧意识，即中国的“柔”性悲剧意识和日本的“刚”性悲剧意识。这种差异与其所承载的民族文化性质的差异息息相关。     

试论《窗》的悲剧意识

从美学的角度,对澳大利亚作家泰格特的短篇小说《窗》的悲剧意识进行解读和论述。《窗》的悲剧,是“社会群体的悲剧”、是“生存状态的悲剧”、是“人生哲学的悲剧”。这种独特的悲剧意识、深沉的悲剧力量,成就了小说的不朽价值,确立了它在人类悲剧艺术史上的应有地位。但《窗》在揭示人类社会悲剧的永恒性时,却过多地渲染了一种悲凉的气氛,因而使读者没有看到这种悲剧性的价值所在,没有看到这种悲剧当中的光辉魅力。     

浅谈生命悲剧意识——试论魏晋诗文的“迁逝之悲”

对生命的悲剧性和生命悲剧意识是人类永恒的话题。魏晋时期诗文中的“迁逝之悲”便是悲剧意识的一种表现。本文试图通过对魏晋时期几位代表诗人及其诗作的简单分析来探讨魏晋诗文的“迁逝之悲”。更希望以此来加深对于生命悲剧意识的理解。     

论“罪”意识在悲剧中的演变

论述“罪”意识在不同历史时代悲剧中的深刻演变:古希腊,悲剧中的人物对生存自由的必然追求就决定了他们反抗命运的“罪恶”;莎士比来时代,悲剧中的人物受到惩罚则是由于他们自身对“善恶”的自由选择;易卜生以来的现代悲剧中的“罪”意识表现出对古希腊悲剧理念的复归与升华。阐释这种历史演变折射出的人类在宇宙中主体地位的变迁。说明悲剧艺术因此具有形而上的生存哲学的意义。     

屈原悲剧意识的文化阐释

屈原是中国悲剧意识的象征，是中国悲剧文化的先躯，他所象征的是当时中国各种文化融合后的一种新的文化“化合物”，这种新“化合物”的特质在于不避人、不避世、不避身，是中国悲剧文化意识中的精核．     

论教育的悲剧精神——兼谈教育的美学气质

悲剧精神是教育的美学气质，它源发于人类的悲剧性存在。此岸—彼岸之遥、确定—不确定之难、物物—物于物之苦是教育悲剧精神产生的三个根源。“蜣螂仪式”是教育悲剧精神的经典象征。悲剧意识的淡漠和悲剧精神的削弱导致人文精神的失落和享乐主义文化的泛滥，所以，人类及其教育是需要悲剧精神的。     

中国有无悲剧的再探讨

悲剧这种艺术形式源于人类所共有的忧患意识和悲剧精神 ,本文试图从人生的悲剧意识这一层面重新审视中国文化及中华民族性格 ,以期从深层探索蕴涵于中国戏剧特殊情况下的悲剧意识及其根源。     

绝望中诞生希望——庄子的悲剧意识和自然逍遥

庄子在看似旷达、洒脱的外衣下,实则隐藏着沉重的悲剧意识,正是这种无法抑制的悲剧意识,使得他企望在“自然”中“忘物、忘己”,走向“逍遥”,立足于人类的生存困境,使人类从生存困境中得以超脱构成了庄子人生哲学的基本内容。庄子思想中的“悲”与“忘”深远影响着中国的艺术精神和文人的人格建构,直至今时,仍发挥其无可替代的现实意义。     

也谈司马迁的悲剧意识

司马迁写作《史记》的态度，是一种深切超乎个人爱憎之上的对人类普遍命运的关怀，即是一种从个人的“意有所郁结．不得通其道”的自我荣辱的命运意识，而升华到以“述往事，思来者”来追求人类普遍命运的态度。这正是司马迁承受苦难的超越精神，他通过《史记》的篇章，造就了一种超卓的悲剧意识，即对生命个体的想有所作为而不能的人性关怀。     

超越悲观主义：哈代诗歌中的悲剧意识和心灵净化

托马斯·哈代以戏剧诗的形式演示宇宙自然与人类社会之间普遍、永恒的冲突及其造成的人类悲剧,表现他对人类生存的悲剧本质的敏锐感知和诗性反应。在悲观、讽刺的表面下,他的诗歌中绝无所谓“悲观主义”,潜流其下的是诗人直面现实的坚忍、平静和坦然。他的悲剧意识和诗性情感使人类的苦难升华至崇高的悲剧意义并超越了悲剧所引起的“怜悯与恐惧”,以智性、无知、人文观和仁爱等高层次的哲学立场和心理态度将痛苦的心灵带入平和宁静的理想境地,得以净化,使“悲观主义”的评判苍白无力。     

论韩愈的宗教信仰

韩愈的宗教信仰问题是一个千年悬案。从大量的史料来看，韩愈不信佛道，也不信西方传来的新教，而信仰中国固有的原始宗教。韩愈选择原始宗教信仰具有其积极的儒家伦理意义。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

胡主席在印度,我却在中国

Today, Sunday morning, I sit thinking and typing at my computer. My thoughts are in my homeland, India and my body is in China. The body is here and mind there for a good reason. Mr. Hu is president and I am resident and both are in each other's countries (what a difference the absence of one small letter makes!). Mr. Hu will return in a few days and I will stay on longer.     

STORIES

正A One day a pig went to the stable(马棚)to see his good friend,an oldhorse,and was going to stay there forthenight.Night came and it was time forsleep.The pig went into the straw heap(稻草堆)and lay comfortably.A longtime passed,but the horse was stillstanding there and did not move.Thepig asked the horse why he did not go tosleep."Standing like this is the begin-ning ofsleeping,"answered the horse.     

巧妙引语(英文)

正1.Any fool can count the seeds in an apple.Only God can count all the apples in one seed.2.Happy families are all alike;every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.3.Memories are the key not to the past,but to the future.4.Sometimes in the dark you see what you want to see.5.There is a great difference between