Japanese flagship universities at a crossroads

The increasing pace and scope of global structural change has left Japanese flagship universities at a crossroads. Reflecting upon historical trends, current policy changes and respective institutional strategies for global marketing among Japanese top research universities, the author discusses possible future directions for these institutions and how key decisions may be influenced by selected national policies. By taking a more active role in building flagship universities and making use of higher education for social and economic development, the Japanese government has already taken concrete measures to keep apace with higher education policies of neighboring Asian countries. However, in the author’s view, whether or not Japan can truly develop and maintain world-class universities ultimately depends on an overall improvement in the status of East Asian higher education.     

二十世纪美国农村学校教师培训浅探

文章包括20世纪美国农村教育面临的困境、美国高校对农村学校教师培训的作用、给我国高等教育的建议三个部分。第一部分描述了美国农村教育面临的困境,不仅包括课程重负、多重准备、课程外责任等,而且还包括地理的偏僻和地区问题,例如小团体和方言。第二部分展示美国高校如何向农村学校提供所需的介入。第三部分给我国高等教育的建议,讨论高校角色的扩大,强调高校深入农村地区直接与之合作,与农村教育者保持持续联系的必要性。     

Fortress State,Cultural Continuities and Economic Change: Higher education in mainland China and Taiwan

Since 1949, the higher education systems in mainland China and Taiwan have been developed in disparate geopolitical and social contexts, but have faced similar dilemmas between economic and cultural tasks. The dilemma has lasted in China for more than two centuries and nowadays can also be located in many developing industrializing countries. The article offers the concept of 'fortress state' to explain how between 1949 and 1995 these two were affected by both domestic and international factors. In particular, the role of higher education as an agent of both political socialization and economic modernization is analyzed in the context of the transformations in the two contemporary Chinese societies. The article also examines how cultural traditions, the upholding of a national belief system, nation building and the foreign relations of mainland China and Taiwan help maintain the two-century old tension between economic modernization and the preservation of a cultural and national identity.     

两难选择：当代中国高等教育发展道路上不可回避的问题

中国高等教育在新中国成立后不断地面临着两难选择，但当时未能予以重视而往往采取了简单化的方法和策略，造成了一定的负面影响。欧美发达国家高等教育在改革与发展历程中，也曾面临着两难问题，但迫于功利性目的，也往往只注重一个方面而忽视了另一方面，其所造成的负面影响使当代的人们不得不进行重新反思。     

Dewey and Culture: Responding to ‘Extreme Views’

Dewey famously believed that we learn through experience, through which we build up habits. Education should be about developing good habits. Experience for Dewey, is not an individual possession but grows out of social interaction, which always takes place in a given culture. Dewey's views on culture are significant in relation to a current issue in education in England, namely the legal requirement for teachers to report students who express ‘extreme views’, under the Prevent Strategy. The article first gives the current context in recent policy implementation in England and discusses how it raises ethical dilemmas which profoundly affect what it means to be a teacher. This is then illustrated through a vignette, a narrative of a newly qualified teacher living a dilemma raised by the policy. Consequences for the development of democratic education and education for democracy emerge from considering Dewey's views on experience and culture in relation to the teacher's dilemma. The conclusion suggests some ways forward in the face of the difficulties raised by the Prevent strategy reporting requirement.     

On the necessary co-existence of special and inclusive education

ABSTRACT

While many distinctions between ‘special’ and ‘inclusive’ education have been made and continue to be forcefully debated, the two concepts remain strongly evident in policy and practice in many countries. This paper discusses the interrelated history of these concepts. It explores how conceptualisations of them have changed since Salamanca and reflects on whether inclusive education has, can or should replace special education. It considers the extent to which ‘special’ and ‘inclusive’ education are understood as the same or different today. The paper argues for a clear a distinction to be made between how special educators can work in support of inclusive education and the task of inclusive education which addresses the barriers to participation faced by members of marginalised groups.     

‘We’re as good as anybody else’: a comparative study of working-class university students’ experiences in England and Ireland

This article is based on a comparative study of working-class students’ experiences in English and Irish higher education. It highlights the lack of comparative studies on this topic based on qualitative research and why filling this gap is important in understanding access and widening participation. Drawing on biographical interviews with 139 people in a range of elite and non-elite institutions, the article discusses similarities as well as some differences between the data from the two countries in terms of class, identity and how working-class students view and value higher education. It maps out how the research relates to recent debates over social class and outlines the theoretical implications of these findings.     

Private Tutoring and Social Cohesion

Mastering the public school curriculum is so important to a child's occupational future that in many regions of the world “shadow” education outside of the public system has now become the norm. In one way, this is excellent news because private investment in human capital is a strong contributor to economic and social development. However, private demand is driving a separate and powerful private industry. According to the constitutional standards in many countries, education is supposed to be “free.” This suggests that, in some instances, shadow education might be unconstitutional. The United Nations Declaration on Human Rights also says that education should be free. This suggests that in some circumstances, shadow education may be contrary to the principles of human rights. The question addressed in this article is whether shadow education is wrong. This article summarizes the arguments in favor and against shadow education and ends with a series of recommendations to better manage what has become a worldwide dilemma.     

当前高校负债运行问题分析与化解对策思考

当前公办高校不同程度地面临着巨额债务压力。本文从公办高校负债运行的现实问题进行探讨,并从政府、金融机构和高校等不同层面分析负债成因,提出负债化解中应采取的若干对策,为高校能够尽快走出困境,确保高等教育事业的健康、可持续发展提供一些思路。     

做人教育：21世纪中国大学教育新兴理念与重要使命

教育是教人做人的，教育的终极目的是以教人“成人”为旨归。面向21世纪的高等教育，不仅要使学生学会做事，更重要的是使其学会做人，这应当成为高等教育的崇高使命，也理应成为教育的真义所在。则目前大学教育中存在的大学生做人素质缺失、科学教育与人文教育失衡、大学教育面临的窘境等不容回避的事实，使得加强大学生的做人教育成为大学教育的当务之急；国际社会特别是高等教育界对做人教育的强烈关注，更加重了推行做人教育的现实性和紧迫性。因而，树立做人教育的理念，推行并加强做人教育，是21世纪中国大学教育应确立的新理念和应完成的新使命。     

The intersectionality of educational inequalities and child poverty in Africa: a deconstruction

The developing world has continually faced tremendous challenges in providing social security and safety nets for its vast populations culminating in wider educational inequalities and extreme poverty. It is not uncommon in Sub-Saharan Africa to find rapacious wealth in the hands of a few co-existing with mass poverty. As a consequence, the majority of children in education have continually experienced low attainment levels and poor prospects in life. This paper discusses interrelationships between child poverty and educational inequalities since these aspects are critical to child development and social mobility and are poignant for developing nations if they are to re-align their economies competitively at a global level. The paper used an analytic review of existing survey data and literature on contemporary contexts in Sub-Saharan Africa, focusing on establishing understanding on child poverty and its impacts on children’s education and well being. In using data from the World Bank and United Nations agencies, the paper has been able to ascertain poverty indices affecting children; inadequate education investment levels; educational inequalities and how these have negatively impacted childhood education and development. Indications are that child poverty and educational inequalities continue to exist despite rising education investments in some countries. The paper posits strategies that developing nations may apply to improve childhood experiences and harness human capital, despite challenging levels of poverty.     

高等教育治理现代化的实质表征、现实困境与目标指向

高等教育治理体系是国家治理体系的重要组成部分,符合新时代国家深化改革的发展方向和高等教育强国建设的根本利益,主要包括治理理念、治理组织、治理制度和治理能力等方面。高等教育治理现代化是政府、高校和社会组织实现治理理念现代化、组织现代化、制度现代化和能力现代化的高级过程。新时代我国高等教育治理面临机遇与挑战,亟须进一步明晰高等教育治理现代化的实质表征、制度困境和目标指向,推动高等教育治理现代化,让中国以更加自信、更加积极和更负责任的态度参与全球教育治理。     

高职德育研究综述

当代高职德育既面临机遇又面临挑战。如何破解德育困境、增强德育实效已成为高职德育工作者面临的现实课题。已有部分学者对高职学生思想道德现状,高职德育存在的问题,高职德育的特殊性、内容及对策等问题进行了研究,提出了一些有价值的观点,为做好高职德育工作进行了积极的理论尝试。     

西南地区与东盟国家少数民族文化可持续发展教育模式比较研究——以贵州和菲律宾为例

我国和东盟国家都是多少数民族的国家,在经济发展的大背景下,少数民族文化的传承与保护面临着比较类似的困境。在传承少数民族文化的过程中,少数民族地区的学校教育起着重要的作用。而学校教育对少数民族文化的传承作用,与有没有一个良好的教育模式有着直接的联系。通过对我国西南地区和东盟在少数民族文化教育模式上的简单对比,试图建立起一种我国与东盟之间的少数民族文化可持续发展教育模式的合作,来促进我国及东盟各自的少数民族文化可持续发展,并希望以此推进双方在教育、文化以及经济方面更深入广泛的合作。     

新时期高校思想政治工作的方法论创新

当前,高校思想政治工作面临着源于自身的贫乏和社会发展、环境变迁、高等教育自身变革的"内在"与"外在"的双重困境和挑战。因此新时期高校思想政治工作创新的关键是依据这种情势的变化努力在方法论上做到一元化指导与多元化要求,课内校内、网上教育与课外、校外、网下教育,领导高度重视与群众广泛参与,知、情、意、行,引导与约束、激励与警示、主动与受动、继承与创新的高度统一。     

民办高校筹资中的社会捐赠问题

在很多国家,社会捐赠已经成为人们向社会提供公共产品及服务的重要方式,更是私立高校的重要资金来源。与之相比,社会捐赠在我国民办高校资金来源中所占比例还相当小,在意识和管理等方面尚存在着制约社会捐赠发展的因素。本文分析、探讨了民办高校吸收、利用社会捐赠的现状、存在问题以及引发问题的主要原因,并提出了相应的对策性建议。     

美国高校招生的公平与效率研究

公平与效率是各国高等教育改革所面临的两难选择,对教育公平与效率的不同理解决定了高校招生录取标准采用同一尺度还是多元尺度.美国高校招生制度的发展表明,在高等教育大众化的背景下,政府通过立法和政策导向来保障弱势群体的受教育权利和教育机会,体现了公平的价值取向;而高校追求与培养目标相适应的人才选拔效率.美国高校招生制度发展的经验可以为我国高考制度改革提供启示.     

Contract arrangements in the Nordic countries—solving the efficiency/effectiveness dilemma?

Steering higher education through the establishment of a “contract” between the state and the individual higher education institution is becoming an increasingly popular way of regulating the relationship between the two actors in the Nordic countries. This article addresses some theoretical foundations for this approach derived from principal/agent theory and analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of established contract arrangements in Finland, Sweden, and Denmark. The article discusses the potential of using such arrangements in relation to the efficiency/effectiveness dilemma. It is emphasized that trust is vital in solving this dilemma and that the balance between the need for public accountability, the efficient regulation of higher education, and institutional change must be given high priority in refining existing contractual arrangements.     

Rethinking the World Bank Agenda for Chinese Higher Education Reform

This article explores the way in which the World Bank has worked effectively with China in higher education. It investigates whether or not the cooperation between the two has changed in line with their changing relationship. More specifically, it discusses whether the World Bank’s China agenda reflects the reform package of socio-institutional neoliberalism which the World Bank has tended to promote worldwide in the era of the Post-Washington Consensus, and how China’s higher education reform has been influenced by the agenda. The article argues that as China is transferring its role from that of a recipient country to that of a donor country, it is increasingly important to position itself as a global player. Other than mastering the game rules of the international community, China should also expand its influence within and through these major international organizations.     

自由教育：当代大学教育的回归——研读纽曼《大学的理想》

当今社会是处在经济社会发展转型时期,大学教育面临着新的发展和挑战。如何进一步发挥大学教育的功能,培养更多的创新性人才和知识型人才,是当前高等教育研究的重要内容。从纽曼其人、其书、其思三方面研读纽曼19世纪的大学教育思想理念,在此基础上提出对当代大学教育发展的一点启示。