Social withdrawal,observed peer acceptance,and the development of self-perceptions in children ages 4 to 7 years

Children who think poorly about themselves are considered at-risk for a myriad of negative outcomes. Thus, it is important to explore possible origins of such cognitions, particularly in young children. The purpose of this study was to examine the relations between various nonsocial behaviors (i.e., reticence and social withdrawal), observed peer acceptance at ages 4 and 7 years, and self-perceptions at age 7 years in both boys and girls, respectively.Participants included 163 children (89 females, 74 males) who were seen at age 4 and then again at age 7 years. For girls, results revealed that nonsocial behavior (both reticence and solitary-passive withdrawal) was negatively related to observed peer acceptance at both ages 4 and 7, and peer acceptance, as early as 4 years of age, was found to influence self-perceptions of competence at age 7 years. For boys, results revealed that (a) reticence at age 7 predicted negatively to perceived peer acceptance, perceived physical and perceived cognitive competence at age 7 years, (b) solitary-passive withdrawal at age 4 predicted positive cognitive self-perceptions at age 7, and (c) solitary-passive withdrawal at age 7 predicted negatively to perceived peer acceptance and perceived physical competence at age 7 years.     

The Relations among Infant Temperament, Security of Attachment, and Behavioral Inhibition at Twenty-Four Months

The purpose of this study was to examine the relations among infant temperament, attachment, and behavioral inhibition. 52 infants were seen at 2 days, 5, 14, and 24 months of age. Assessments were made of temperament at 2 days and 5 months of age, and attachment and behavioral inhibition were assessed at 14 and 24 months, respectively. EKG was recorded at each assessment, and measures of heart period and vagal tone were computed. Distress to pacifier withdrawal at 2 days of age was related to insecure attachment at 14 months. 2 types of distress reactivity at 5 months, reactivity to frustration and reactivity to novelty, were identified and related to high vagal tone. Attachment classification at 14 months was directly related to inhibited behavior at 24 months. Infants classified as insecure/resistant were more inhibited than those classified as insecure/avoidant. In addition, an interaction of infant reactivity to frustration and attachment classification was found to predict inhibition at 24 months. Infants classified as insecure/resistant and who had not cried to the arm restraint procedure at 5 months were the most inhibited at 24 months. These findings are discussed in terms of hypotheses regarding multiple modes of distress reactivity and regulation in early infancy and their different social and behavioral outcomes.     

Associations between reading achievement and independent reading in early elementary school: a genetically informative cross-lagged study

This study used a cross-lagged twin design to examine reading achievement and independent reading from 10 to 11 years (n = 436 twin pairs). Reading achievement at age 10 significantly predicted independent reading at age 11. The alternative path, from independent reading at age 10 to reading achievement at age 11, was not significant. Individual differences in reading achievement and independent reading at both ages were primarily due to genetic influences. Furthermore, individual differences in independent reading at age 11 partly reflected genetic influences on reading achievement at age 10. These findings suggest that genetic influences that contribute to individual differences in children's reading abilities also influence the extent to which children actively seek out and create opportunities to read.     

叶面喷施果宝对小偃22小麦产量及品质的效应

试验于2012年8月至2013年7月在西北农林科技大学北校区试验田中进行,选择小偃22为试验材料,采取叶面喷施果宝调节剂研究其对小偃22产量及品质的效应.试验结果表明,叶面喷施果宝调节剂显著提高了小偃22产量和品质.处理小麦的成穗数(513.6~520.3)×105个/hm2,较对照增加1.1%~2.8%、小穗数18.8~18.9个/穗,较对照增加4.7%~5.8%、穗粒数29.4~29.8粒/穗,较对照增加2.9%~4.5%、千粒重43.8~45.6 g,较对照增加1.3%~5.6%、不孕小穗数3.7~4.1个/穗,较对照减少7.7%~17.0%、产量5 790.4~6 115.6 kg/hm2,较对照增加3.9%~9.7%,容重787.6~789.6 g/L,较对照提高0.3%~0.4%、硬度79.5%~82.4%,较对照减小1.3%~4.8%、蛋白质含量16.2%~16.8%,较对照提高3.4%~6.7%、湿面筋含量35.3%~35.8%,较对照提高1.1%~2.6%、拉伸面积61.7~62.4 cm2,较对照增大0.2%~1.2%,延展性225.4~226.4 mm,较对照增大0.1%~0.6%.沉降值、稳定时间的变化与浓度有关,吸水率与最大拉伸阻力变化不显著.     

终身体育教育观在高校体育教学中的实现

高校体育教学改革要依据现代教育思想的发展，遵循教育规律，树立终身体育观，在高校体育中导入终身体育教育的思想是必要的，也是可能的。     

谈学校课余运动训练

学校课余运动训练是实现学校体育目标的途径之一，也是促使学生身心全面发展，提高运动水平，培养体育骨干，推动学校体育普及和提高的一项重要战略措施，但目前学校体育中，还存在着比赛任务，才有课余集训的弊病，教练员为了在短时间内使运动员出成绩，在训练时，往往是片面地强调整体的专项训练和加大运动负荷的训练，而忽视了全面素质及系统的运动训练，其结果给课余运动训练带来负面影响，如何根据学校课余运动训练的特点，进行科学的训练是本探讨的主要问题。     

My one day

My name is Qiuhong, I am in Class one, Grade Four. On weekdays, I get up at half past six. I have breakfast at seven o＇clock and then go to school by bike. I get to school at about eight o＇clock everyday. I don＇t like to be late. We begin classes at twenty to nine.[第一段]     

Substance use disorders in young adults with and without LD: predictive and concurrent relationships

This article reports on young people with and without learning disabilities (LD) and substance use disorders (SUD). Participants were assessed for LD at ages 12 and 19 and for SUD and psychiatric disorders at age 19. Participants with LD at ages 12 and 19 were more likely to develop an SUD or a psychiatric disorder compared to participants without consistent LD. Participants with LD at age 19 were more likely to have a concurrent SUD or psychiatric disorder compared to those without LD at age 19, while participants with LD at age 12 showed only a trend toward increased rates of SUD at age 19 when compared to participants without LD at age 12. Participants with and without LD did not differ in substance use, consumption levels, or onset history. In a multivariate model, adolescent LD was associated with a three-fold increased risk for SUD after behavioral problems and family structure had entered the model. Although these results provide some support for the notion that adolescents with LD are at increased risk for SUD, LD also appears to confer a general risk for adverse outcomes.     

Cross‐time attitudes,concept formation,and achievement in college freshman physics

The relationships among science and engineering attitude, physics conceptual understanding, and physics achievement were explored for a population of college freshman engineering students over two semesters. Gender and SAT‐Quantitative measures were included as exogenous variables in a longitudinal path analysis. Attitude was theorized to predict achievement contemporaneously and at the next time point, while conceptual understanding was theorized to predict physics achievement contemporaneously and at the next time point. Each at one time was theorized to predict scores at the next time. A sample of 200 freshman engineering students participating in an integrated curriculum were assessed in September, December, and April (with a loss of 64 students) with the Force Concepts Inventory (FCI), Mechanics Baseline Test (MBT), and a locally developed attitude measure. The observed model indicated that the FCI predicted attitude at time 1 with no other paths between them, that FCI at time 1 predicted MBT at time 1 and time 2, FCI at time 2 predicted MBT at time 3, and MBT at time 1 predicted FCI at time 2. Gender and SAT‐Quantitative scores were predictive only of FCI and MBT at time 1. Results supported an interactive model of conceptual understanding and achievement, with attitude largely irrelevant to the process for this population. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 37: 1112–1120, 2000     

Screening for reading problems: The utility of SEARCH

To evaluate the accuracy of SEARCH as a screen for identifying children at risk for developing learning problems, 1107 kindergarten children were evaluated with SEARCH and 284 (26 percent) were classified as at risk. At-risk children were of average intelligence and SEARCH scores were significantly correlated with sequential and simultaneous information processing skills. Children whose group preacademic achievement scores were at or below the third stanine at the end of kindergarten were classified as having inadequate skills for learning how to read; those scoring above the third stanine formed the adequate skills group. Using this criterion, SEARCH predicted children who had adequate or inadequate preacademic reading skills with 77 percent accuracy. However, approximately half of the children identified as at risk by SEARCH performed adequately. A reading test was individually administered to a group of at-risk children at the end of first (N=49) and second (N=35) grade. Of those children identified at risk by SEARCH at kindergarten, 39 percent at first grade and 66 percent at second grade performed at grade level. Fewer children from the upper SES were identified by SEARCH as being at risk.     

加强个体生命原生态在新课程中的自由释放

新课程改革至今存在的主要问题是:个体生命仍然受到许多不该有的禁锢。在未来的新课程进程中,理应加强个体生命原生态的自由释放。为了实现这一目的,就要让学生自由地想,让学生自由地说,让学生自由地做,让老师自由地教,让学校自由地管。     

Massed and spaced training build up different components of long-term habituation in the crabChasmagnathus

The crabChasmagnathus granulatus reacts to a shadow passing overhead with an escape response that habituates after 30 trials and for 5 days at least. The effect of a wide range of different intertrial intervals (ITIs) (0, 9, 27, 45, 81, 135, and 171 sec) on theChasmagnathus long-term habituation (LTH) was evaluated at 24 h. Memory retention was estimated separately at two phases of a six-trial testing session: at first trial (the initial testing phase) and at the subsequent block of five trials (the retraining phase). A training of 30 trials with an ITI equal to or longer than 27 sec induced LTH at both testing phases, however, with a 0- or a 9-sec ITI, training wholly failed to build up LTH. When the number of trials was increased, a massed training (ITI=0 or 9 sec) induced LTH at retraining but not at initial testing. Thus, massed training produces LTH only at retraining, whereas spaced training (ITI ≥ 27 sec) produces LTH at both initial phase and retraining. An ITI shift from training to testing diminished or abolished retention at retraining regardless of the direction of the shift, thus suggesting that crabs acquire a memory of the trial-spacing at training. According to these results, it is postulated that LTH consists of two memory components: one produced by spaced training and expressed at both initial testing and retraining, and one yielded by massed training and expressed only at retraining. The possibility that the two components of LTH were differentially affected by cycloxemide and context shift is discussed.     

A longitudinal study of children's early literacy experiences at home and later literacy development at home and school

Studies of literacy attainment in the early years of school have identified various measures at school entry which predict later attainment. The study reported has sought not only to replicate earlier findings but to investigate significant home factors from a younger age. Literacy experiences of 42 children at ages 3, 5 and 7 were investigated, and the relationship of home factors to literacy development explored. Findings are reported concerning two outcome measures at age 7: children's reading level, as determined by the difficulty level of their school reading book, and whether or not children at age 7 were judged to have literacy difficulties. Significant factors included having favourite books at age 3; letter knowledge and parents reading to children at school entry; and at age 7, access to home computers, and parents’ knowledge of literacy teaching in school. Children with literacy difficulties owned fewer books, were less likely to read to themselves or their parents, and generally had less support for literacy at home. Implications for teachers, highlighting the relevance of home literacy, are discussed. The findings underline the importance of home factors for children's literacy development.     

民国时期高校考试制度的历史考察

民国时期高等学校考试制度获得了较大发展:完善入学考试,加强平时考试,重视考察能力,充分发挥教授的作用.其经验,对于完善今天学校考试制度有着重要的启示.     

高等学校武术教学现状调查与对策研究

如何使武术教学更好地适应高校体育的发展,在加速高校人才培养方面发挥更重要的作用,是高校体育工作者普遍关注的问题。文章对高校开展武术教学的现状进行调查分析,并从学科建设、指导思想、师资培养、教材创编、教学内容设置和教法组织形式等方面阐述对策,旨在拓宽发展高校武术教学的新思路。     

Visual recognition memory: a predictor of later cognitive functioning in preterms

A number of preterms who had participated in a study of visual recognition memory when they were 6 months of age were seen at older ages to assess the predictive validity of the early visual measures for cognitive outcome. The Bayley scales were administered at 6, 12, and 24 months, the Stanford-Binet at 34 and 40 months, and the WISC-R at 6 years. Novelty scores, which reflect the relative amount of time infants look at new compared to familiar stimuli, constituted the measure of infant visual processing. These scores, obtained by averaging over performance on the 3 or 4 problems administered at 6 months of age, were consistently and significantly related to cognitive measures from 24 months to 6 years, with correlations ranging from r = .53 to r = .66. Parental education, which was unrelated to novelty scores, bore a strong relationship to outcome beginning at 24 months. Although both measures contributed uniquely to the variance in cognitive outcome at 24 months and 6 years, visual novelty scores made a stronger contribution than did parental education. Neither 6- nor 12-month Bayley scores, nor various perinatal variables, were related to outcome.     

Delinquency and reputational orientations of adolescent at‐risk and not‐at‐risk males and females

This research investigated differences in delinquent activities and the reputational orientations of at‐risk and not‐at‐risk male and female adolescents. Initially, we sought to establish that adolescent males and females differed in these respects. This was found to be the case: males (n = 722) scored significantly higher than females (n = 738) on seven self‐reported delinquency variables and on eight reputation enhancement variables pertaining to social deviance, non‐conforming reputation, and power/evaluation private identity. When a sample of 31 at‐risk females was subsequently pair‐wise age matched with 31 not‐at‐risk females, at‐risk females scored significantly higher on all delinquency variables other than school misdemeanors. These at‐risk females also scored significantly higher on four reputation enhancement variables relating to social deviance and non‐conformity. Given that at‐risk females did not differ from their not‐at‐risk counterparts in level of involvement in school misdemeanors, we sought to determine whether this was also the case for at‐risk and not‐at‐risk males. An age‐matched sample of 91 pairs revealed that at‐risk males reported significantly higher involvement than not‐at‐risk males in all aspects of delinquency, including school misdemeanors. They also sought a more non‐conforming reputation. To explore the relationships between delinquency and reputation enhancement, a canonical correlation analysis was performed. All findings are discussed in the light of reputation enhancement theory.     

迁入新校园高职院校夜间学生管理模式创新

高职院校新校园面临的首要问题是夜间学生管理问题。夜间学生管理是学生放学后,休闲与生活过程中的管理工作。新校园夜间有效学生管理工作为新校园的发展奠定了基础,有助于形成新校园内部群体的凝聚力。可见,夜间学生管理工作关乎新校园安全稳定大局。基于此,需从加强新校园夜间学生管理工作入手,分析影响夜间学生管理工作的突出因素,找出改善夜间学生管理的措施,为新校园发展壮大提供现实保障。     

青海大通老爷山朝山会考述

青海省大通县的部分民众崇信道教中奉为“北方之神”的“真武大帝”,当地“老爷山朝山会”是移植武当山地区朝拜“真武”的朝山礼俗,时间约在明代万历年间,并且发展成为该地区民众世代延续的重要朝拜祈福、进香、还愿的民间习俗。