Road or Lu, Is It Still a Question?—On Translation of Road and Street Names from the Perspective of Functional Theories

The translation of road names from Chinese into English applies no specific standards up to date. Whether the roads should be re ferred in accordance with the nearby position or some symbolic buildings or simply be represented by a phonetic pronunciation which has no specific meaning in English has provoked some heated discussion. In this paper I employ the skopos theory and other relevant theories to put forward a new perspective of translating road and street names, with same emphasis on that of generic name and on specific name. Some illustrations will be made on the defects of the writing standard set by relevant Chinese laws and regulations as well as resolutions of the United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names, i.e. the adoption of a Single Romanization System, and Lu to be the generic name in China’s case. Also, I will further probe the existing translations of road and street names in major Chinese cities, most of which to be Road, either go against relevant laws or fail to inform foreign visitors. Finally, I will come up with the suggestion of ap plication of a combination of Lu and Road in translation of road and street names in accordance with functional approaches.     

The Analysis of the Principles of Brand Translation

An external manifestation of a brand is a name, a symbol. In recent years, scholars at home and abroad on brand naming strategy for a lot of research. This article analyses some of the brand naming policy, and discussions from the perspective of translation method to the conclusion that brand names translation method: A preliminary framework. The author approaches the export business with some interrelated suggestions accordingly and hopes it can benefit in terms of translation of brand names.     

Common Words from Proper Names

In the present English vocabulary there is a group of common wordscoined from the different proper names.The use of a proper names to conveya general idea is termed antonomasia.By the means of antonomasia thenames originally used to refer to specific persons.places and somethingelse are now used as common words which carry their own fresh meanings.Inthis short article it is discussed in detail that from what sources thesecommon words are produced.     

The Roles of Teachers in English Teaching

The issue of improving the efficiency of college English teaching and learning has long puzzled our educators and English teachers.There are many ways to help the solving of the problem,but in China,where English is mainly taught in classroom,the teacher is a very important factor to influence the result of English teaching.In order to solve the problem,the teacher must know exactly what roles he should play in the process of teaching and make some changes in his old teaching methods.     

Shenandoah

Hundreds of years ago an Indian chief named Shenandoah lived in what is now the state of Virginia. Little is known about Shenandoah, but the soft sound of the name was given to a river.     

The Feature in Translation Names of Tourist Attraction in Xinjiang and the Problem

If the tourism slogan is the best way to attract tourists attractions, there is no doubt the name of scenic spot have the direct impact on tourists. In recent years, the new scenic spot is more and more with the development of tourism in Xinjiang, but the translation of names of scenic spots also appear many errors, such as absue of words, grammar mistakes,inequivalence phenomenon in the English and Chinese words translation. So how to better promote the tourism resources in Xinjiang to foreign visitors, how to transfer the national culture of Xinjiang to foreign tourists and how overcome the cultural differences and achieve effective translation has become an important topic.So the translation of tourist materials has become an important problem must be solved,especially,translation of scenic spots’ name.     

AUTltORITY CONTROL REGARDING CHINESE PERSONAL NAMES：Enhancement and Linkage with the Bibliographic Database

Authority control is critical for the quality of the bibliographic database. Authority control is important in guiding users from variant forms of headings to the controlled forms of headings and providing users with the related headings. With authority control, the forms of headings in the bibliographic records are consista,t and easy to access. Authority control not only increases the accuracy of searching but also makes retrieving records from the online bibliographic database easier. In the first part of the paper, the author brings out three formats for Chinese personal names in the online environment. Tire second part presents a new model for better authority control regarding Chinese presonal names. In the last part, the author emphasizes the importance of linking the online authority records with the bibliographic database. The quality of the database can be improved dramatically by providing vernacular access capability to the name authorty, records and ensuring that every personal name heading in the bibliographic records have corresponding Library of Congress name authority records。     

An Inevitable Tragedy—On Tess' s Fate in Tess of the D'Urbervilles

In the novel Tess of the D’urbervilles,Tess is successfully depicted.She is portrayed as a brave girl,hard-working,beautiful and innocent.Alec represents a brutal and destructive force,which triggers Tess’s tragedy.Angle’s inveterate old-fashioned prejudices made him relentlessly abandon Tess.Yet what Hardy tries to show is that the disintegration of rural economy in England brought about by the intrusion of capitalist relations as well as the hypocritical morality of the time are the obvious causes of Tess’s tragedy.Meanwhile,Hardy also attacks the injustice of the law.In the novel,he believes a woman is helpless in the hands of fate and Tess is trapped in the web of fate.Her tragedy is fated and inevitable.     

Promoting accountability and enhancing efficiency： Using national education accounts to track expenditure flows

Increasing accountability and efficiency in the use of public and out-of-pocket financing in education are critical to realizing the maximum impact of the meager allocations to education in most developing countries. While broad estimates and numbers are routinely collected by most national ministries and state departments of education, the lack of accuracy and reliability as well as the obtuse nature of recording and presentation of the data does not facilitate any serious policy use. A major advance in this area has been brought about by the development of NEA （National Education Accounts）, which is a new tool for measuring education expenditures in a systematic policy-~endly manner. In essence, NEAs measure the ＂financial pulse＂ of an education system, answering 4 key questions： Who is financing education？ How much do they spend？ How are funds distributed across different education providers, levels and activities？ Who benefits from or receives the services？ NEAs gather information on all spending from public, private and donor sources, and provide a snap-shot of all expenditures on education in the state or country. While not an auditing tool, it provides real time information on the flow of funds that can be used for evidence-based decision-making. It provides information to policy-makers, enabling them to discern systcm-wide inequities and identify areas that require changes in policy. In addition, the use of a standard classification of expenditures allows for data from NEAs to be comparable between and within countries. This paper provides an assessment of accountability and efficiency in the use of public and private resources in the education sector in 2 states of Nigeria. Using comparative data from implementation of education accounts in 2 states of Nigeria, it presents a breakdown of education spending by public and private sources as well as donor agencies, by types of providers, by geographical regions and by category of expenditures. It analyzes educational expenditures for the 2 states in the context of state government priorities for education, and proposes a novel way of tracking trends in education spending as a means for policy-makers to organize a strategic vision supported by resources and to evaluate the outcome of policies.     

Critical Analysis on Modernist and Deconstructive Element in Ulysses

1.I nt roduct i on Ulysses,receiving no less enthusiastic research by scholars than Shakespeare's masterworks nowadays,was written with Homer's Odysseus as the contextual parallel.James Joyce named the novel as Ulysses,the Roman name for Odysseus.And the 18 episodes are titled with the characters' names in Odysseus to allude to the connection with the ancient legendary work.Ulysses can be regarded as the modem version of Odysseus.     

A Brief Analysis of Figures of Speech in Vanity Fair

In the West,the rhetoric is an old and young science,which has a history of 2,300 years.With the emergence of rheto ric,the expression of our language became richer and more various.Meanwhile,the expressing capacity of language became more powerful and dynamic.Therefore,readers can understand what the author wants to express as if they were on the scenes.In the nineteenth-century,critical realism was quite prevalent in Britain.William Makepeace Thackeray was one of the most bril liant stars in this school at that time.His masterpiece Vanity Fair presents us the characteristics of a variety of people in different conditions in detail.The most common figures of speech employed in this novel are irony,satire and humor through which the Vanity Fair can make us laugh,and at the same time,it is thought-provoking.     

悠闲英语（五十六）

Actually, what I mean by eating is not the food we eat but the way in which we eat. Yes, you guessed it-we are going to talk about ＂table manners＂ Eating in a restaurant is a very enjoyable experience when you know what to expect and what you are expected of as a guest. In western culture, dinner is the most important meal of the day, so we＇ll talk about having dinner in a restaurant in America.     

A Good Example of Hemingway’s Iceberg Principle:The Killers

Hemingway established a well-known literary theory - iceberg principle.He said he always attempted to create his literary works according to this principle.In his opinion,if a prose writer has a pretty clear idea of what he writes about,then he can omit the things he knows,and the readers will strongly feel that what the writer has omitted seems to have been written as long as what he writes is authentic.Hemingway himself once said,"The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one eighth of it being above water."Here,one eighth refers to the information given by the author,and the rest refers to the unwrit ten information that can be acquired in readers’imagination on the basis of the one eighth.The Killers is a good example of Hemingway’s iceberg principle.This essay will analyse the characters in it to show how the principle was used in this short story.With no doubt the iceberg principle leaves a large space for the readers to imagine and better understand Hemingway’s works.     

Analysis of the Causes of Chinglish in Spoken English among Students

Chinglish is what occurs when the Chinese language and English language crash into one another.When native Chinese speakers who are learning English attempt to directly translate Chinese into English,using Chinese sentence structure,wording and grammar,a blend of Chinese and English happens.Among Chinese English teachers and English as a second language (ESL) foreign experts working with students,this phenomenon is commonly referred to as Chinglish.In order to help students to overcome Chinglish in their oral English and cultivate their sensibility of foreign culture and mode of thinking the awareness of the causes of Chinglish is a must.This paper focuses on analyzing the causes in terms of negative transfer of mother tongue and the differences between modes of thinking and cultural backgrounds.     

Views on Marriage and Happiness in Pride and Prejudice

At the very beginning of the book-Pride and Prejudice,the author said"It is universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be want of a wife."From this line,we can find that marriage is the most important thing to women.Sometimes it even equals to men’s career at that time.It seems like once a woman married to a rich single man,she succeed in her lifetime"career".The question is what is the standard of that"succeed"? Married to a rich man,or the man you really love,or a man you had a crush on? Everyone keep these questions in mind since very early time,and different people have different opinions.In her short life,Jane Austin,the great novelist,composed six novels and created lot of female characters.Women in her novel had different attitudes toward marriage.Speaking of marriage,Pride and Prejudice must be the most representative work of it,and it is also Jane’s masterpiece.Through the different type of marriage of Mr.Bennet’s daughters,we can find the Jane’s atti tude towards marriage.In this article the author will discuss this issue based on Pride and Prejudice.     

Museum without walls： Imagining new formative spaces

The ＂Museum of Childhood＂ is a project connected to the Post-Graduate Program in Education at Unesc （Brazil） and since 2005 has been developing interfaces with research, teaching and extension. In this paper, the authors would like to show how the museological conception of the Museum of Childhood makes imagination from one of the central axis of its formative relation with the public. Such conception breaks with the traditional view of museums as buildings where old things are collected and preserved. In fact, the Museum of Childhood, in the light of its objective conditions, wants to be a museum without walls, a museum that, using the device of spatial demarcation, spreads itself in the university campus and other public places, with the objective of communicating with the people. This conception comes closer to the transgressive nature of modem arts, which desacralizes the work of art as masterpiece and proposed, for example, the fugacity of installations and aesthetic interventions. This conception takes the Benjaminian notion of the past as the dimension where other futures remain latent, that is, the museum is seen not as a guardian of the past, but as an establishment that wants to use its collections to communicate with the public. The overrunning of the static physical space, for example, forces the public to recreate its horizon of expectations concerning what a museum show be. In order to accomplish its original objectives, the Museum of Childhood works intensively on the formation of the public by proposing monitored visits in which creative activities are developed and by improving its homepage.     

The criminal act as means of lust： The will and the death in culture

Crime, which is an intriguing aspect of the human condition, has been the object of great concern amongst many modalities of knowledge. Even when dealing with the so-called ＂primal crime＂, dissolution is what always results. If people understand the primal crime of the mythical father as the necessary condition to cross from a horde to a clan state, eventually reaching a fraternal group state, then they should also understand that the social bond, which results from this action, brings in its kernel the scars of irreversible destruction. Freud＇s tyrannical father was murdered because he kept absolute enjoyment for himself, yet this crime did not set free the authors of the crime from their own enjoyment. The dynamics of the criminal act as a means of lust has been studied with the intent of articulating both perverse subjectivation and the pervert act, as well as considering the convict＇s standing in social relationships. Symbolization of reality and temporality are significantly altered by imprisonment, due mainly to lack of scopes and systematic conveying references which reflect reality. The study related to the temporal being of detainees is inferred as to better portray questionings on temporal subjection. The analysis of the discourse production lead to conclude： （1） When it is destined to penal institutions, the condemned lose pace with time （time halts）; （2） Interns must render time objective （produce time）. Rebellion and fights may be endeavors to create rhythm to register time, wherein, the desire to live time is, desperately, externalized; （3） Penal work is a time-reducing factor of imprisonment, therefore, time acquires objective and exchangeable value for the interns; and （4） Three worlds unfold and introduce themselves from the very moment when the imprisoned take place within a penal institution. The internal scope of the penal unit is propagated by the interns as being the inside world, exterior social context and relationships thereof are known as the outside world and the world of crime abides essentially different temporality notions. Within the inside world time halts, in the outside world time escapes and the crime world dimensions time is as time itself.