POLICY STRATEGIES FOR THE CAREER DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN AT EUROPEAN UNIVERSITIES

Intended as an introduction and overview, this article previews the other contributions to the topic and places them in a general introductory context. The basic question is why women, who are not currently confronted with legal or overt discrimination with regard to entering and even thriving in academic careers, are still underrepresented in the academic world in Europe, particularly in the upper echelons of academic governance and power. Several possible explanations are given, in particular the failure of women to be prepared from an early age to be competitive in ways which boys are taught to take for granted, and their failure, not so much to engage in networking, but to penetrate the networks which count, most or all of which are in fact male dominated. Among the strategies which women may use to gain both presence and power in the academic world, the use of women's studies programmes is ruled out as being ultimately counterproductive. Likewise doubt is cast on the long‐term effectiveness of affirmative action programmes. Only remedies specific to the individual conditions of each country will be really helpful in aiding women to be more numerous in higher education, particularly in positions of power. However, in all the countries in question, women must be socialized so as to be willing to adopt behaviours conducive to academic success, and they must bring to bear the full resources of the social protection and welfare systems, all of which in the different countries of the Europe Region favour not only the progress of women, but the rational use of human resources.     

The testing program for the general college of the state teachers college,Kirksville, Missouri

This article considers the role of private schools in an assessment of segregation in K-12 schools, with special reference to the South. It presents evidence to support two main conclusions. First, private schools have grown in importance in the South since 1960, in contrast to their declining importance in the rest of the country. This contrary trend can be attributed to the region's small proportion of Catholics, to its rising affluence, and to school desegregation. Because of the typically large areas covered by school districts in the South, private schools have offered White families an especially effective means of avoiding exposure to non-Whites in schools, particularly in counties with very high minority concentrations. In those counties the rate at which Whites enrolled in private schools tended to rise with the percentage of all students who were non-White, increasing sharply in counties about 55% non-White. Second, the article presents measures of the extent to which private schools contribute to segregation in schools in all regions. Using data on public and private enrollments in 1999-2000, the article shows that private schools accounted for only about 16% of such segregation in the nation's metropolitan areas, with the bulk of segregation attributed to racial disparities between public school districts. For the nation, segregation increased between 1995-1996 and 1999-2000, and a rise in White private enrollments had a role in this increase.     

The Scientist as School Teacher

Many scientists, driven by the teaching impulse, idealism, or the wish to see science thrive in the United States, take up one or another form of school teaching or participate in programs designed to enhance science teachers' knowledge of science and science teaching skills. Funding is available, from governmental and private sources, to support innovative programs designed to increase the supply of well-trained science teachers. The provision of new funds to support graduate programs in fundamental science that provide a separate track for graduate students who choose a career in teaching, in preference to a career in the laboratory, is a particularly promising development. It is essential that such programs include proper training in pedagogy. Above all, the Nation must recognize the need to provide proper long-term salary support for science teachers in the public schools countrywide, if any of the programs to improve teaching is to succeed.     

论职高纯男生班异性交往的必要性

有些职高班是纯男生班,缺乏与异性交往的机会。重视职高纯男生班学生的异性交往,有利于他们性生理、性心理正常发展;有利于他们注重自身形象;有利于他们端正学习态度,提高学习效率;有利于他们收敛、矫正不良行为习惯;有利于他们今后的社会交往和家庭生活。     

论元代辞赋创作各个时期的不同情致

元代辞赋的一个主要特点就是“因情立赋”,但其不同时期所抒发的各种主要情感却不尽相同。元代前期辞赋作品的主要情感是积极用世、退隐自适、仕隐矛盾;元代中期辞赋作品的主要情感是赞美复科、崇古尚理、怨世自伤;元代后期辞赋作品的主要情感是超世解脱、批判现实、迎新怀旧。从抒情方面来看,元赋中一些优秀作品超唐越宋,起到了矫正唐律赋、宋文赋情感缺失的作用。     

A Summer Academic Research Experience for Disadvantaged Youth

Internships are an effective way of connecting high school students in a meaningful manner to the sciences. Disadvantaged minorities have fewer opportunities to participate in internships, and are underrepresented in both science, technology, engineering, and mathematics majors and careers. We have developed a Summer Academic Research Experience (SARE) program that provides an enriching academic internship to underrepresented youth. Our program has shown that to have a successful internship for these disadvantaged youth, several issues need to be addressed in addition to scientific mentoring. We have found that it is necessary to remediate and/or fortify basic academic skills for students to be successful. In addition, students need to be actively coached in the development of professional skills, habits, and attitudes necessary for success in the workplace. With all these factors in place, these youths can become better students, compete on a more level playing field in their internships, and increase their potential of participating actively in the sciences in the future.     

“四会、四自”学生管理模式的探索与实践

随着我国高等教育事业的快速发展,高等教育体制改革逐步深入,传统的学生管理模式已很难适应形势发展的需要。因此,根据时代发展和大学生自我发展的需要,构建弘扬大学生主体性的学生管理模式就显得尤为重要,以引导学生学会做人、学会做事、学会学习和学会生存,促成学生在品格修炼上自律。在与人相处上自治、在知识探求上自觉和在生活管理上自理,实现学生管理从他律向自律的转变。     

现代企业的负债经营

负债经营,是企业用已有的自有资金为基础,为了维系企业的正常营运,扩大经营规模、开创事业等,产生的财务需求。当发生现金流量不足,经由各种筹资渠道,以负债方式筹措资金,使企业能顺畅运作,达到经营目标。在市场经济条件下,负债经营对企业进行正当经营活动有其客观必然性,保持一定的借入资本是企业调节资金余缺和增加所有者权益,扩大经营规模的前提,但过度负债经营会加大企业的财务风险。本文通过对现代企业负债经营的分析,探讨企业经营负债的内涵及负债经营给企业带来的利益和风险,如何规避负债经营风险,进而实现负债经营给企业带来利润最大化之目标。     

A Case Study of Preschool Children’s Musical Interests at Home and at School

In the interaction between the child and the adult, interest can be a significant motivational initiator of activities. Systematic monitoring and development of the interest in music activities enables the teachers to influence the preschool children in forming a positive attitude towards the art of music. The research involving preschool teachers, children at the age of five to six and their parents, was conducted in order to determine the interest of preschool teachers and children in music activities. We found that the teachers showed greatest interest in singing songs, playing instruments and listening to music. The children’s favourite activities in kindergarten were movement to music (dancing), singing songs and playing on instruments, namely activities where they could take active part in the educational process. The parents reported that at home the children preferred most to listen to music, to sing songs and move to the sounds of music, and less to play on instruments and to be creative in music. The development of the children’s interest in music depends on the teachers’ expression of interest in music activities, on the choice of music activities and music contents and on the experience in the music environment of the family.     

试论学术道德失范的原因与对策

当前学术界存在学术道德失范的现象,其主要原因是学术人个体职业道德水平下滑造成的,学术道德教育没有得到社会应有的重视、不合理的学术利益引导机制、不甚健全的管理体制和缺乏行之有效的惩罚措施是其客观原因。遏制这一现象的发生和蔓延主要应重视学术道德修养和学术道德教育;改革现行的学术评价机制;规范学术管理;加大对学术腐败行为的惩处力度。     

试论农村小学英语课堂情趣学习策略

农村小学英语教师在课堂英语教学中必须具备情趣学习策略,即课堂直观教具的使用学习策略、师生情操的陶冶学习策略、课堂师生关系的情感学习策略、课堂英语教学中的成功关怀学习策略、课堂英语教学中的竞赛激励学习策略、课堂英语教学过程的服务学习策略、课堂英语教学活动的“双主体”学习策略、课堂英语教学的创新学习策略、课堂英语教学中的合作学习策略、培养学生参与英语语言活动意识的学习策略和课堂英语教学的诱导学习策略等。     

What successful black South African students consider as factors of their success

Black South African students have a poor success rate in school leaving mathematics examinations. Attempts have been made to shift teachers' practices from teacher-centredness to learner-centredness, in Black schools, in order to improve the situation. So far, the attempts failed to yield the desired results. This paper reports on the findings of a study that aimed at learning from students and teachers in Black schools, as to what classroom practices lead to success in school mathematics, in their impoverished context.This revised version was published online in October 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

农村中小学公民教育问题及对策分析

公民教育研究在我国学界方兴未艾,而农村中小学公民教育实施问题的相关研究却非常少。据最新人口普查结果显示,我国半数人口仍在农村。农村中小学的公民教育成为提高农民公民素质,建设新农村民主文明的重要途径。基于此,厘清公民教育内涵,探讨农村中小学公民教育实施的可能性,揭示其现实中面临的问题,以期为农村中小学实施公民教育提供可能的途径。     

Factors related to the decision of men and women to continue taking science courses in college

The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of the transition between a student's initial collegiate science experience and the decision to continue in science, and whether the reasons students give to explain their success or failure in their first course are related to that decision. Attribution theory provided the framework for investigating these factors. The results showed that for unsuccessful students, the plan to continue in science was unrelated to gender, mathematical aptitude, performance in the first science course, or attributions to luck, effort, ability, or task difficulty. For successful students, the plan to continue in science was directly related to attributions to ability, and inversely related to task difficulty. The results demonstrate the importance of a sense of competence for students who continue in science.     

注重非语言因素训练提高普通话口语教学实效

在普通话教学与培训中,众多教师和学习者探索出了很多语言因素训练的好方法,如发音训练,正音训练等等,但是在实践中我们发现,仅仅加强语言因素的训练是远远不够的,还必须加强语言因素以外的能力和素质的训练,才能全面提高一个人的普通话水平。本文试着从教学和测试中常见的现象进行分析和探讨,提出在教学训练中应加强思维、阅读、兴趣、心理等非语言因素的指导,更有效地提高学生的普通话水平。     

Orientations to teaching,induction experiences and background characteristics of university lecturers

This study of the orientations to teaching of academic staff used a sample of 32 new Lecturers matched in pairs on sex, initial tenure status, and discipline type. Interviews were conducted to obtain data on their early experiences in the university and on their orientations to teaching, including their conceptual repertoires, self-efficacy and attitudes to receiving and using student evaluations of their teaching. Findings were that orientations to teaching and early experiences were similar to those reported in an earlier study, though there was a greater participation in professional development activities in this later group. Induction experiences were found to be associated with the entering differences in background characteristics among the Lecturers. In particular, special consideration in workload varied according to sex, initial tenure status and discipline type, while participation in development activities varied according to discipline type. Induction experiences and background characteristics were found to be associated with self-efficacy measures.     

The Researcher and the Studier: On Stress,Tiredness and Homelessness in the University

Recent European policy has seen a shift from a concern with lifelong learning in the Lisbon Strategy to research and innovation in the Horizon 2020 programme. Accordingly, there has been an increased policy focus on the researcher who, like the lifelong learner must be entrepreneurial, adaptable, mobile, but who must also find new ways in which to develop and deploy her skills and competences and smart solutions to current problems in order to ensure sustainability. The subject position of the researcher, therefore, is not a figure distinctive to the university today, but rather one required of us all. For the excellent researcher in the university, resources exist to enable her to identify those aspects of herself that are in need of development in order to keep all aspects of her personal and professional well‐being in balance, often drawn from the field of psychology. Here, rather than analysing directly the ways in which the researcher is addressed by such devices, we focus on the common experience of being in the university today. In everyday conversation, we do not describe ourselves as entrepreneurial, innovative, leading, etc., but more often as tired, stressed and not feeling at home there. Rather than taking these as impediments to productivity and aspects of ourselves requiring psychological strategies, the educational aspects of these are explored in relation to the figure of the studier, as developed from Giorgio Agamben by Tyson Lewis. The shift of discourse from lifelong learning to innovation and research in recent policy is seen to effect a further desubjectivation, a division of ourselves from ourselves.     

博士生多元化培养的构想及实现路径 ——基于我国博士生教育质量研究20年的反思

1999年以来,我国博士生招生人数显著攀升,回顾我国博士生教育质量20年的研究,其思想纵向呈现出三个变化趋势:从专注学术取向到关注多元发展,从聚焦在学质量到追求发展质量,从强调显性成果到倡导综合能力。依据这一趋势,当下的博士研究生培养应以立德树人为根基,以科研能力为主干,以服务社会为枝叶。高校要以此为培养标准,树立起多元化培养目标,实现博士生全方位、多维度发展。具体到实践层面,鼓励博士生全面参与学校治理不失为实现博士生多维培养的有效途径,具体应以党建工作提升政治觉悟,以课题参与提升学术水平,以志愿服务厚植奉献情怀,以社会实践推动成果转化。     

关于加强中小学校长队伍建设的研究

中小学校长队伍建设的问题主要包括校长选拔制度、校长任用制度、校长培训制度、校长资格证书制度以及校长评价制度等。我国中小学校长队伍建设虽取得了一定的成绩,但是存在的问题依然很突出。国外中小学校长队伍建设的成功经验具有参考价值。加强我国中小学校长队伍建设,要明确校长队伍建设的主要目标,完善校长资格证书制度和聘任制,建立务实有效的培训机制,强化考核监督机制,推广校长职级制,中小学校长队伍建设应法制化。     

数学教学中应重视对学生创新思维能力的培养

《全日制义务教育数学课程标准》中指出：通过义务教育阶段的数学学习，使学生能获得适应未来社会生活和进一步发展所必须的重要教学知识；学会运用数学的思维方式去观察分析现实社会；体会数学与自然及人类社会的密切联系。同时要求学生具有初步的创新精神和实践能力。这是新大纲和课程标准的新提法。如何对学生进行创新思维能力的培养，结合长期的数学教学尝试，以四个方面提出一些体会。