“教育哲学”、“教育科学”与“教育技术”概念辨析

教育的现状和教育研究的现状令人担忧教育哲学工作者用一些早已没有生命力的所谓哲学概念指导教育实践而不是以哲学的气质介入教育,使教育哲学走失了方向;教育学家所探讨的教育本质和现实教育的其它出路不容易由教育工作者付诸实施.同时,代际和同辈之间的教育中科学因素少之又少,因而用教育科学来指称当前的教育研究,实在是一种尊称;人们对教育自身的改变缺少一种技术的眼光,没有将教育的积累看成是一门技术的发展历程,甚至将教育的工具和环境误以为是教育技术,使真正的教育技术的改善处于遗忘和误以为的历史境遇.由此看来,将真正的哲学、科学和技术的眼光、思想方法引进教育生活中是教育研究工作者需要重视的问题.     

科学哲学的文化转向及其对科学教育的影响

科学哲学的文化转向使人们对科学的本质的认识由传统向现代转变。科学知识是暂时性、主观性、建构性的,它会不断地被修正和推翻。科学哲学的文化转向推动了科学教育改革。培养学生的科学素养是科学教育目标,科学教育应更加重视知识的产生和形成过程。科学学习过程要以探究为主要形式,同时注重对学生进行科学情感、态度与价值观的培养。科学哲学的文化转向将促进科学与人文的融合。     

科技哲学视阈下的科学教育

科学技术从根本上改变了人类的生存方式和发展模式。它是人类能够更好地生活的基本保证,但并不等于生活的全部智慧。科学技术虽然给人类带来了高度发达的物质文明,却不能为人类提供生活何以值得过下去的理由。该问题的解决必须依靠科学技术哲学思想引领下的科学教育。文章从系统哲学、生态哲学和技术哲学三个维度,对如何提高和发展科学教育提出了初步的设想。只有在正确的科技哲学观的指导下,科学教育的质量才会得以提高,全民科学素质的提升才可能得以实现,人们才会获得更好的生活。     

A Bibliography for Philosophy and Constructivism in Science Education

The research literature on educational constructivism is voluminous (see the Carmichael (1990) Pfundt & Duit (1994) and Driver et al. (1994b) bibliographies cited below). The research - in both the Piagetian and Alternative Conception traditions - covers children's learning, cognitive development, curriculum development, classroom practices, teacher education, and much else. There is a further enormous literature on constructivism in philosophy of science (see Leplin (1984) and Churchland & Hooker (1985)), and on constructivism in the sociology of science (see Brown (1984), McMullin (1988, 1992). In turn these latter literatures overlap with the ocean of writing on post-modernist theory of knowledge and cognition (see Gross & Levitt (1994)). The following references relate mostly to educational constructivism, and then, with some exceptions, to articles that address epistemological and philosophical matters in science education. Even so it is not an exhaustive list, but hopefully it will be useful for teachers and researchers in the field. The author welcomes additions or omissions being brought to his attention.     

Introductory Comments on Philosophy and Constructivism in Science Education

This article indicates something of the enormous influence of constructivism on contemporary science education. The article distinguishes educational constructivism (that has its origins in theories of children's learning), from constructivism in the philosophy of science (usually associated with instrumentalist views of scientific theory), and from constructivism in the sociology of science (of which the Edinburgh Strong Programme in the sociology of scientific knowledge is the best known example). It notes the expansion of educational constructivism from initial considerations of how children come to learn, to views about epistemology, educational theory, ethics, and the cognitive claims of science. From the learning-theory beginnings of constructivism, and at each stage of its growth, philosophical questions arise that deserve the attention of educators. Among other things, the article identifies some theoretical problems concerning constructivist teaching of the content of science.     

科学教育中的迷信及哲学救赎

在我国的科学教育中存在着迷信化现象,主要表现为重结论轻根据,重肯定轻质疑,化多元为一元,视猜测为真理。导致学生偶像重重、思维僵化、不善追问、缺乏创新能力,这与长期以来哲学与科学教育未能有机融合有关。时代呼唤科学与哲学的重新结盟,充分发挥哲学对科学前提和结论的批判、质疑功能。要充分实现这一功能,需要广泛吸收科学哲学的优秀成果,凸显和改进认识论,形成科学友好型哲学,在各科学专业中开设这样的课程,或在科学课程中融入这样的内容。     

Contributions from the Philosophy of Science to the Education of Science Teachers

One of the most important topics on the international agenda in educational research is to gain an understanding of the processes of educational change in teachers and of the factors that favour or hinder it. Such understanding is, for instance, an essential element in planning and putting into practice initial and ongoing teacher education programs. This article reviews the research on science teachers’ educational change. To organize the information, an analogy is made with the process of scientific change, analyzing and evaluating the contributions of the different models taken from the philosophy of science – positivism, Popper’s principle of falsifiability, Lakatos’ scientific research programs, Laudan’s research traditions, Toulmin’s evolutionism, and Kuhn’s relativism. We conclude the article with the implications for science teacher education.     

科学教育中的知识、方法与信念——基于科学哲学的考察

科学教育强调学生理解科学的本质,而不仅仅是知识,这是因为科学与社会之间的联系越来越紧密,凸显了将科学看作了解世界的方式在认识论上的重要性。出于个体认识论的需要、科学研究的认识论特征以及科学外行与科学家在认知劳力上的区分,科学教育的目标转向受教育个体未来的社会行动,应培育学生建立对科学的信任和维护科学的认识论权威。为实现这种目标,科学教育应从理解科学的本质转向理解真实的科学实践的本质,在科学教育中呈现真实的而非理想化的科学实践,采纳基于科学哲学模型和理论的实用主义进路。科学哲学对科学实践的新近研究,虽然可以提供理论基础,但应该与科学教育进行建设性对话,更加关注非科学家理解科学的模式,将哲学模型转化为适合学生认知水平和需要、符合教学情境的教学资源。     

高职思想教育的科技哲学观探析

上世纪90年代以来,随着我国改革开放的顺利进行,高等职业教育得到了迅猛发展。如何使高职院校学生素质的全面发展,成为21世纪科技创新人才是摆在高职教育的一大问题。加强高职院校的思想政治教育是我们的神圣使命,科学技术哲学是高职思想教育中关键的一个重要内容,提高高职院校大学生对科学技术的哲学反思是必要的,也是至关重要的。     

Mario Bunge, Systematic Philosophy and Science Education: An Introduction

Mario Bunge was born in Argentina in 1919 and is now in his mid-90s. He studied atomic physics and quantum mechanics with Guido Beck (1903?C1988), an Austrian refugee and student of Heisenberg. Additionally he studied modern philosophy in an environment that was a philosophical backwater becoming the first South American philosopher of science to be trained in science. His publications in physics, philosophy, psychology, sociology and the foundations of biology, are staggering in number, and include a massive 8-volume Treatise on Philosophy. The unifying thread of his scholarship is the constant and vigorous advancement of the Enlightenment Project, and criticism of cultural and academic movements that deny or devalue the core planks of the project: namely its naturalism, the search for truth, the universality of science, the value of rationality, and respect for individuals. At a time when specialisation is widely decried, and its deleterious effects on science, philosophy of science, educational research and science teaching are recognised, and at a time when ??grand narratives?? are thought both undesirable and impossible??it is salutary to appraise the fruits of one person??s pursuit of the ??Big?? scientific and philosophical picture or grand narrative. In doing so this special issue brings together philosophers, physicists, biologists, sociologists, logicians, cognitive scientists, economists and mathematicians to examine facets of Mario Bunge??s systematic philosophy and to appraise its contribution to important issues in current philosophy and, by implication, education.     

History,Philosophy and Sociology of Science in Science Education: Results from the Third International Mathematics and Science Study

Throughout the history of enhancing the publicscientific literacy, researchers have postulated thatsince every citizen is expected to have informalopinions on the relationships among government,education, and issues of scientific research anddevelopment, it is imperative that appreciation of thepast complexities of science and society and thenature of scientific knowledge be a part of theeducation of both scientists and non-scientists. HPSSinclusion has been found to be an effective way toreach the goal of enhancing science literacy for allcitizens. Although reports stated that HPSS inclusionis not a new educational practice in other part of theworld, nevertheless, no large scale study has everbeen attempted to report the HPSS educationalconditions around the world. This study utilizes therich data collected by TIMSS to unveil the currentconditions of HPSS in the science education of aboutforty TIMSS countries. Based on the analysis results,recommendations to science educators of the world areprovided.     

论哲学、哲学教育与心理素质教育

哲学是追求生活中的智慧。哲学教育的目的和功能在于使人学会思考、教人经得起痛苦和磨炼。在素质教育视域中,哲学教育是心理素质教育和人文素质教育。当前中国高校普遍存在以"非哲学"的方式进行所谓的哲学教育。哲学教育改革的关键在于以"哲学对话"的方式恢复哲学教育的应有功能。     

试论远程教育在繁荣哲学社会科学中的功能

现代远程教育是现代教育和远程教育的结合体,作为国民教育体系的新生事物,具有昭示未来的远大发展前途,在进一步繁荣发展哲学社会科学事业中也发挥着积极的功能。先进性、社会性、交互性、共享性等是现代远程教育服务于哲学社会科学发展的主要表征。同样,哲学社会科学的进一步繁荣发展,又会加快现代远程教育前进的步伐,为其指引方向和创新思路,推动现代远程教育的更新换代,进而促进科技创新。本文试图从二者的相互结合中研究其运动规律,意在提高人们对现代远程教育功能的再认识。