A systematic approach to analysing sports performance

A systematic approach to the analysis of sporting events is discussed. The basic tenet is that objective quantification of critical events is required for a complete analysis. This approach encompasses diverse areas of methodology and research, such as quantification, biomechanics and physiology. The theoretical underpinnings are behavioural, in so far as athletes produce observable behaviour that can be quantified and ultimately changed. Several areas of analysis are linked together in a general framework and each one of these areas is dealt with in detail.     

Choking interventions in sports: A systematic review

ABSTRACT

Choking under pressure describes suboptimal sport performance in stressful situations, which has led to two fundamental ‘choking’ models: distraction and self-focus. The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of empirical studies that have tested interventions used to alleviate choking. The systematic review includes 47 empirical studies published up to April 2017, including experimental, quasi-experimental, and single-case studies with athletes. These studies encompassed a variety of interventions (n?=?13) that were either distraction based or self-focus based. In addition, a third group – acclimatisation interventions – was identified. The results indicate that, in general, choking interventions based on both choking models and on acclimatisation provide a benefit to performance under pressure. The most reported effective interventions were pre-performance routines, quiet eye training, left-hand contractions, and acclimatisation training. The use of dual task was beneficial for performance under pressure but harmful when used in training. Mixed evidence was found for analogy learning, and null effects were reported for goal setting, neurofeedback training, and reappraisal cues. These results may help athletes and coaches select and implement effective strategies and methods to improve performance under pressure.     

高校学生体育成绩评价指标体系的构建

高校学生体育成绩是学生学习行为结果的反映,学生体育成绩主要反映被评价学生在体育课学习过程中,利用各个方面的正面有效信息强化自己的学习,不断地改进运动技能和学习态度的状况。对学生体育成绩评价的内涵和本质进行了阐述,构建了高校学生体育成绩的评价指标体系。     

对我省乒乓球运动现状的探讨

通过近年来我省乒乓球运动走下坡路的原因进行分析,有针对性地提出改变目前这种状况的几点行之有效的建议。     

体育表现性评价量规的设计——开发核查表

教学实践中使用的量规有多种类型,如核查表、分值系统、定量的分析性量规、定性的分析性量规、整体性量规等。其中核查表是众多量规中较简单易行的一种,对促进学生动作技能关键要素的掌握和运动表现提高都有非常好的效用。从评价主题的确定、主题的分解与表现要素的选择、表现特征的确定和试用及修订等方面来探讨了核查表的设计。     

Technical and tactical skills related to performance levels in tennis: A systematic review

The aim of this systematic review is to provide an overview of outcome measures and instruments identified in the literature for examining technical and tactical skills in tennis related to performance levels. Such instruments can be used to identify talent or the specific skill development training needs of particular players. Searches for this review were conducted using the PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycInfo databases. Out of 733 publications identified through these searches, 40 articles were considered relevant and included in this study. They were divided into three categories: (1) technical skills, (2) tactical skills and (3) integrated technical and tactical skills. There was strong evidence that technical skills (ball velocity and to a lesser extent ball accuracy) and tactical skills (decision making, anticipation, tactical knowledge and visual search strategies) differed among players according to their performance levels. However, integrated measurement of these skills is required, because winning a point largely hinges on a tactical decision to perform a particular stroke (i.e., technical execution). Therefore, future research should focus on examining the relationship between these skills and tennis performance and on the development of integrated methods for measuring these skills.     

体育公共服务的理论框架及系统结构

结合体育公共服务自身独特的范式、内部存在必要的结构和张力.从体育公共服务的定位,体育公共服务的模式、结构与政策,体育公共服务体制与机制,体育公共服务管理4个层面建构体育公共服务理论分析框架.体育公共服务实践系统为:体育公共服务管理、体育公共服务的规划、体育公共服务的融资、体育公共服务的提供和体育公共服务绩效评估5个系统结构.     

大学生体育合格标准初探

本文在多年实践的基础上,就大学生体育合格标准中的一些问题进行论述。一、制定大学生体育合格标准的必要性;二、依据与原则;三、内容与指示;四、评分方法;五、实施中的问题与对策。     

Statistical methods for analysing discrete and categorical data recorded in performance analysis

In this paper, we identify appropriate statistical methods for analysing categorical differences in discrete variables or 'performance indicators' resulting from performance analysis. The random mechanisms associated with discrete events do not follow a normal distribution; that is, the normal distribution is a continuous not a discrete probability distribution. We propose appropriate statistical methods based on two key discrete probability distributions, the Poisson and binomial distributions. Two approaches are proposed and compared using examples from notational analysis. The first approach is based on the classic chi-square test of significance (both the goodness-of-fit test and the test of independence). The second approach adopts a more contemporary method based on log-linear and logit models fitted using the statistical software GLIM. Provided relatively simple one-way and two-way comparisons in categorical data are required, both of these approaches result in very similar conclusions. However, as soon as more complex models or higher-order comparisons are required, the approach based on log-linear and logit models is shown to be more effective. Indeed, when investigating those factors and categorical differences associated with binomial or binary response variables, such as the proportion of winners when attempting decisive shots in squash or the proportion of goals scored from all shots in association football, logit models become the only realistic method available. By applying log-linear and logit models to discrete events resulting from notational analysis, greater insight into the underlying mechanisms associated with sport performance can be achieved.     

Statistical methods for analysing discrete and categorical data recorded in performance analysis

In this paper, we identify appropriate statistical methods for analysing categorical differences in discrete variables or 'performance indicators' resulting from performance analysis. The random mechanisms associated with discrete events do not follow a normal distribution; that is, the normal distribution is a continuous not a discrete probability distribution. We propose appropriate statistical methods based on two key discrete probability distributions, the Poisson and binomial distributions. Two approaches are proposed and compared using examples from notational analysis. The first approach is based on the classic chi-square test of significance (both the goodness-of-fit test and the test of independence). The second approach adopts a more contemporary method based on log-linear and logit models fitted using the statistical software GLIM. Provided relatively simple one-way and two-way comparisons in categorical data are required, both of these approaches result in very similar conclusions. However, as soon as more complex models or higher-order comparisons are required, the approach based on log-linear and logit models is shown to be more effective. Indeed, when investigating those factors and categorical differences associated with binomial or binary response variables, such as the proportion of winners when attempting decisive shots in squash or the proportion of goals scored from all shots in association football, logit models become the only realistic method available. By applying log-linear and logit models to discrete events resulting from notational analysis, greater insight into the underlying mechanisms associated with sport performance can be achieved.     

高校体育成绩评定中存在的问题与对策

在高校体育成绩评定中存在着诸多问题，解决好这些问题，有利于提高师生教与学的积极性，有利于完成教学任务，有利于提高教学质量。从成绩的形成要素出发，分析了产生这些问题的原因，并据此提出了相应的对策。     

高校体育资源开发与产业化发展途径研究

运用文献资料法,对高校体育资源的分类、开发利用状况进行分析,旨在为更好地促进高校体育产业化发展提供参考.     

Coaching performance and leadership behaviours in team sports

The aim of this study was to investigate coaching performance in team sports taking leadership behaviours into focus. To do so, coaching performance was put in a literature-based frame and analysed with reference to a task structure based on the idea of hierarchical planning. The focus of the paper is on a mixed methods multi-strand study using qualitative as well as quantitative threads to develop and verify a set of coaching strategies focussing on teambuilding and team leadership. Qualitative analyses showed that coaches do have a clear understanding of forming and leading a team, which could be shown by a specific set of strategies being used by high performance coaches from different team sports (basketball, football, handball, and volleyball). These strategies could be confirmed in a sequential quantitative study analysing coaches’ and players’ attitudes towards the previously analysed schemes. The results of this study are discussed in terms of methodical and practical implications.     

运动能力与生物钟及分子生物学研究进展

体内的生物节律是由机体的内源性生物钟驱动的，该生物钟可以自激振荡，同时又接受环境周期变化的信号，调控自激振荡，使机体的生命活动与外周环境的变化有节奏地、协调地进行。运动中准确把握和利用生物节律，可前瞻性地安排和调整训练计划，使人体的生理功能和运动能力能在特定的时间内得到最好的表现。     

竞技运动心理学研究的演进

对几个主要与竞技运动相关的运动心理学研究领域的发展演进做了概括性综述,涉及心理特征与心理选材、心理训练、心理诊断、竞赛心理,以及一些具有中国特色的研究领域和研究方式。就国内竞技运动心理研究中出现的一些现象进行了讨论,涉及在目前我国竞技体育高速发展形势下的学科建设问题。对20世纪90年代以来,认知心理学、社会心理学和心理生理学,以及一些新的研究专题等学科发展动向做了介绍与评论。     

2013～2015年我国现代五项运动员运动成绩变化分析

运用文献资料法、录象观察法、数理统计法,分析目前我国现代五项运动项目发展现状,结果表明:男女运动员整体实力逐年提高,与国外优秀选手实力差距缩小,项目得分比例发生变化,男子选手得分比例由高到底为跑射→游泳→击剑→马术,女子选手得分比例由高到底为跑射→游泳→马术→击剑;在子项目上存在较大差距,“短板”项目突出,主要表现在马术和击剑项目上,而原有的游泳项目优势没有提高;项目之间实力不均衡是制约我国选手获得优异成绩的重要原因.     

体育旅游在我国体育产业中的地位与作用

对体育旅游的概念、类型进行了综述，从体育产业学角度阐述了体育旅游在我国体育产业中的地位与作用，并提出相应的发展对策。     

运动损伤与运动推拿的临床研究

本文通过对运动损伤与运动推拿的临床研究，认为运动损伤是由于运动力学结构失衡所致，不同软组织承受外力的能力和不同外力作用条件与损伤程度关系密切。软组织损伤的基本形式是形变，推拿治疗的目的是使形变复原。全面分析损伤原因，选择合适的穴位，施用正确的推拿手法是取得疗效的关键。