Individual Differences in Prototypical Moral and Conventional Judgments and Children's Proactive and Reactive Aggression

This article examined links between 4‐ and 6‐year‐olds’ (n = 101; M_age = 5.12 years, SD = 0.67; 53% male) ability to distinguish moral and conventional transgressions along different criteria and teacher ratings of proactive and reactive aggression. Latent difference score modeling revealed that moral transgressions were judged more unacceptable and wrong independent of rules and authority than conventional violations, but significant variability in moral–conventional distinctions was also observed. Proactive aggression was associated with less—and reactive aggression was associated with greater—differentiation in moral and conventional concepts. Proactive aggression was not associated with deficits in moral knowledge when other common assessments of early moral understanding were employed, highlighting the importance of using theoretically informed measures of moral judgments and aggression.     

Social Understanding in Young Israeli-Jewish,Israeli-Palestinian,Palestinian, and Jordanian Children: Moral Judgments and Stereotypes

Research Findings: An empirical investigation was conducted to test young Palestinian, Jordanian, Israeli-Palestinian, and Israeli-Jewish children's (N = 433; M = 5.7 years of age) cultural stereotypes and their evaluations of peer intergroup exclusion based upon a number of different factors, including being from a different country and speaking a different language. Children in this study lived in a geographical region that has a history of cultural and religious tension, violence, and extreme intergroup conflict. Our findings reveal that the negative consequences of living with intergroup tension are related to the use of stereotypes. At the same time, the results for moral judgments and evaluations about excluding peers provide positive results about the young children's inclusive views regarding peer interactions. Practice: These findings indicate that practitioners working with young children should focus on inclusion in peer contexts. Curricula, media, and social intervention programs must begin in early childhood before children begin to use stereotypes in peer situations, particularly when children from other cultural and ethnic backgrounds play together.     

正确理解德育为首思想实施高校德育系统工程

“大德育”之“大”，在地位上是谓之高校的德育工作非高校育人的一般环节，而是具有决定高等教育性质的首要教育；在方法上是谓之高校的德育非单一的德育课程教育和简单的说教与灌输，而是系统性工程。     

The Application of Moral Judgments to Other Cultures: Relativism and Universality

This study examined how moral judgments are applied to events in other cultures. It was hypothesized that subjects make both universal and relativistic judgments, contingent on the types of beliefs held in the culture to which the moral judgments were applied. It was furthermore expected that subjects would be both relativists and universalists at all ages. 72 subjects (aged 11–9, 15–10, and 21–3 years) were asked to apply moral judgments which they had made about a familiar context to 2 types of cultures, 1 where different informational beliefs were held and 1 where different moral beliefs were held. The results confirmed the hypotheses. Most subjects, at all ages, contextualized their moral judgments when they applied them to cultures with different informational beliefs but made nonrelativistic judgments with respect to cultures with opposing moral beliefs. Furthermore, subjects justified their relativistic judgments on informational grounds and their nonrelativistic judgments on moral grounds. These findings demonstrated that nonrelativistic and relativistic thinking coexist throughout a wide age range and underscored the need to distinguish between moral and nonmoral relativism when studying developmental patterns in the moral domain.     

学校道德教育实践背后的观念假设

当前中小学道德教育实践的背后假设是通过增加学生好的道德品质来提高学生的道德水平,通过外在的要求使学生作出符合道德要求的行为。这两大假设具有合理性,但在这样假设支配下的教育实践容易导致学生出现各种各样的非道德行为。因此,学校的道德教育实践必须修正自己的隐含假设,通过帮助学生克服不道德的心理和行为,使学生成为一个具有道德自主性的人。     

高校德育:大学生道德选择能力培养之主导

大学生道德选择能力的形成和发展受到多种因素的影响,其中高校德育是一个关键的影响因素.目前,我国部分大学生道德选择能力的不足与道德教育的乏力和偏误有着密切的关系.要提高大学生的道德选择能力,就必须加强高校德育,使其在大学生道德选择能力的培养中真正起到主导作用.     

理解之于德育的方法论价值

理解作为哲学解释学的核心概念和核心内容，对于德育具有直接意义上和间接意义上的方法论价值，前要求德育研究兼顾人性中的理性因素与非理性因素，后要求应用理解直接指导德育的理论和实践。这两种方法论价值可以具体体现于德育内容的确立、德育规律的探索、德育手段方法的择用等三个层面。     

Moral Lessons: The Ethical Role of Teachers

This article explores conceptual and empirical issues related to the moral and ethical basis of professional practice in teaching. In considering the ethical role of teachers within an expanded context of the formal and informal moral life of classrooms, the discussion raises concerns about both the theoretical identification and practical investigation of "moral lessons." It does so through a review of current literature in this area and a report of a 2nd-level analysis of findings from a research study of 2 culturally diverse elementary school classrooms in urban Canada.     

Developing Digital Privacy: Children's Moral Judgments Concerning Mobile GPS Devices

New technology poses new moral problems for children to consider. We examined whether children deem object tracking with a mobile GPS device to be a property right. In three experiments, 329 children (4–10 years) and adults were asked whether it is acceptable to track the location of either one's own or another person's possessions using a mobile GPS device. Young children, like adults, viewed object tracking as relatively more acceptable for owners than nonowners. However, whereas adults expressed negative evaluations of someone tracking another person's possessions, young children expressed positive evaluations of this behavior. These divergent moral judgments of digital tracking at different ages have profound implications for how concepts of digital privacy develop and for the digital security of children.     

Understanding Resilience: The Role of Social Resources

Using the resilience literature as a theoretical framework, this article discusses research on the influence of social resources such as parent, teacher, and school support on the resilient outcomes of children and adolescents. Findings from several projects conducted at the Center for Research on the Education of Students Placed At Risk indicate that access to social resources such as caring parents who have high expectations for their children and are involved in their children's schooling, participation in extracurricular activities (e.g., after-school sports), and supportive relationships with teachers have positive benefits for students' academic performance. This article also reports results that show children's perceived exposure to violence has significant negative effects on their mathematics and reading performance on a standardized exam. The findings demonstrate the importance of social resources and highlight the need for effective programs of intervention.     

关于职业学校进行思想道德建设的构想

《中共中央关于进一步加强和改进学校德育工作的若干意见》指出,“要积极开展青春期卫生教育,通过各种方式对不同年龄层次的学生进行心理健康教育和指导,帮助学生提高心理素质。健全人格,增强承受挫折、适应环境的能力”。现阶段我国正处于科技的高速发展期和经济的转型期,社会主义市场经济体制提供了广阔的开放市场,这种大环境拓宽了学生的视野,活跃了学生的思想,     

情绪在品德心理中的作用

品德心理包括对情境的解释、道德判断、道德抉择和道德行为四个过程。情绪在品德心理形成过程中究竟起什么作用,这是一个有争论的问题。情绪作用阶段论的看法是情绪参与品德心理的某个过程,主要是在道德判断或道德推理中起作用;情绪作用的整体观认为情绪参与品德心理的整个过程,在品德心理的四个过程中都发挥作用。作者在梳理这两类观点的基础上,审视了当代情绪研究的行为学和认知神经科学证据,并提出情绪作用的未来研究方向。     

论大学排名机构的价值判断差异

随着高等教育大众化的扩展,全球范围内出现各种世界大学排名,世界大学排名逐渐成为许多国家对高等教育机构进行价值评判的一种重要形式,在一定程度上影响各国发展高等教育所采取的战略决策。尽管各大排名在指标的设定上都会考虑科研能力,但由于排名机构的价值判断不同,各种排名具体采用的指标体系有所区别,它们在价值判断上的差异必然带来排名结果的不同。     

The Development of Perspective Taking: Understanding Differences in Information and Weighting

2 separate aspects of perspective taking are that judgments attributed to another should depend on the information available to the other (Information effect) and on how the other's use of information differs from one's own (Weighting effect). These 2 aspects of perspective taking were studied in a moral judgment task with preschoolers, and second and fifth graders. Subjects were read a series of stories about a little boy transgressing and asked to make judgments from both their own perspective and that of a mother character in the stories. The mother story character had either the same information as the subject or only partial information. Valence of intention and consequence and the amount of mother's knowledge varied factorially. Subjects were clustered using scores derived from the judgements. 3 clusters were found that showed different levels of perspective-taking ability. There was a developmental progression in the 3 levels of perspective taking. Subjects in the Harshness cluster attributed harsher judgments to the mother perspective. Subjects in the Weighting cluster weighted information differently depending on the perspective from which they judged. Subjects in the Information-and-Weighting cluster weighted information differently depending on perspective, and also considered the amount of information available to the mother character in attributing judgments. The findings are compared to current theory on the development of perspective taking. Future research and theory need to consider the influence of both information and weighting differences on performance in perspective-taking tasks.     

教师在学生道德品质形成过程中的地位与作用

道德品质是一种个体现象,它的形成和发展是一个渐进的过程。在这个过程中,学校、教师起着决定性的作用。在众多因素中,教师的影响是核心。因此,教师对学生道德品质的形成和发展起着重要作用。教师应充分发挥这个优势,正确培养学生良好的道德品质。     

The Role of Vocabulary and Syntax in Informational Written Composition in Middle School

The current study explores the contributions of written vocabulary and syntax to informational writing quality in Grades 5 through 8. Various aspects of language skills (receptive to written, oral register to academic register) have differing relationships with narrative and informational writing achievement across development. In this study, we explore one relatively understudied aspect of language (written language in the oral register) during a key transition period. Specifically, we find support for the role of vocabulary and syntax skills in informational writing quality in early and later middle school; that the role may differ according to students’ skill level; and we explore the role of written vocabulary and syntax in the gender gap between girls’ and boys’ informational writing quality.

     

浅析导师在研究生德育工作中的地位与作用

研究分析了导师在研究生德育工作中的独特地位、优势和职责,提出导师在研究生德育工作中要注重自律和创新的结合。