Making in‐class skills training more effective: The scope for interactive videos to complement the delivery of practical pedestrian training

Skills and awareness of young pedestrians can be improved with on‐street practical pedestrian training, often delivered in schools in the UK by local authorities with the intention of improving road safety. This training is often supplemented by in‐class paper‐based worksheet activities that are seen to be less effective than practical training in that they focus on knowledge acquisition rather than directly improving the correct application of safe pedestrian skills at the roadside. Previous research indicates that interactive video tools have the potential to develop procedural skills while offering an engaging road safety educational experience, which could positively impact on road crossing behaviour. In this paper, the design and development of a hazard‐identification interactive road safety training video targeting child road crossing skills is presented. The interactive video was shown to be an engaging training resource for 6‐ to 7‐year‐old children. The tool's scope for improving pedestrians' roadside skills is considered along with the wider implications for interactive video to aid safety training in other areas.     

USE OF CRITICAL INCIDENTS FOR PLANNING,IMPLEMENTING, AND EVALUATING A TRAINING PROGRAM FOR FOSTER GRANDPARENTS

The authors report the planning, implementation, and evaluation of a training program for foster grandparents employed at a residential diagnostic and treatment center for disturbed children and youth. The training needs were assessed by task and performance analysis procedures, including the use of critical incident technique. A scoring procedure derived values for various responses to a set of problem situations presented to each foster grandparent. The training objectives focused on the role of the foster grandparents in helping their charges to develop socially acceptable behavior. A cognitive problem‐solving strategy was taught by use primarily of role‐modeling and role‐playing methods. The effectiveness of training was evaluated by comparing pretraining scores on a problem situation test with posttraining scores. Foster grandparents who had been highly rated by supervisors on an independent criterion improved with training; the others did not.     

The effects of parent self‐recording and home feedback in systematic parent training

This study experimentally evaluated the effects of three parent‐ training phases on the parents’ use of consequences to appropriate and deviant behaviour, and the frequency of deviant child behaviour in the home, within a single subject partial reversal design. Instruction No Feedback comprised didactic lecture presentation, verbal and written instruction in a group training setting to teach the parent to use behavioural procedures at home. Self‐monitoring Plus Feedback comprised the parent self‐recording aversive comments to the child and differential therapist feedback on her performance of various behavioural skills. Feedback Alone involved the continuation of feedback sessions but the withdrawal of self‐monitoring. Observation results indicated that Self‐monitoring Plus Feedback produced higher levels of parent attention to appropriate behaviour, lower levels of attention to deviant behaviour and low levels of deviant child behaviour when compared to Baseline, Instruction No Feedback and Feedback Alone conditions. The implications of the results for parent training were discussed.     

Two approaches to teaching transformational lesson planning

Abstract

Teaching teachers to write lessons that exemplify transformational curriculum is vitally important, yet challenges face early childhood teacher educators who attempt this task. Two approaches for writing lesson plans are outlined, and the benefits of these planning approaches are described. Students become more knowledgeable about different types of objectives, about national standards and benchmarks, and about developmentally appropriate practice, emergent curriculum, and transformational curriculum. Students become more skilled at writing developmental and subject matter objectives, creating appropriate assessments for objectives, and articulating connections between objectives and standards and benchmarks. Finally, students become more focused on educational objectives and child outcomes.     

创新型法律人才培养目标下的法学实践教学

培养创新型法律人才是我国法学教育的首要任务。传统的封闭教学模式不能满足创新型法律人才培养的需要,现行实践教学存在的不足又制约其培养功能的发挥,因此,应在明晰法学教育培养目标的基础上,树立＂全程＂实践的教学观念,通过精心设计实践教学体系、改善教师队伍结构、丰富实践教学形式、完善实践教学评价体系等路径,实现重构法学实践教学体系的目的。     

怀化学院公管专业“研用双型”人才培养模式探究

立足办学定位、师资优势和学生特点探求特色人才培养模式是中国普通高等院校的当务之急和社会责任。在全面导师制的基础上,通过导师引导和职业生涯规划、理论学习和技能提升、专业方向和目标定位、目标实现和循环反馈四个阶段实现公共事业管理专业科研与应用双向型人才培养之目标。     

Inconvenient truths about teacher learning: towards professional development 3.0

Based on recent findings about teacher learning, a critical analysis of traditional and new approaches to professional development is presented. To a large degree, teacher learning takes place unconsciously and involves cognitive, emotional and motivational dimensions. Moreover, teacher learning takes place at various levels. Although these insights may be inconvenient truths to policy-makers, empirical evidence is presented showing that approaches building on the multi-level and multi-dimensional nature of teacher learning are effective at influencing teacher behaviour. Hence, in teacher learning, the connection with the person of the teacher is crucial. Practical consequences for professional development are discussed.     

Distracted Walking,Bicycling, and Driving: Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Mobile Technology and Youth Crash Risk

This article examined the impact of mobile technology on young pedestrians, bicyclists, and drivers. A systematic search yielded 41 articles meeting inclusion criteria: peer‐reviewed, published before February 1, 2016, behavioral outcome related to pedestrian, bicycling, or driving in the presence of mobile technology use, youth sample. Eleven studies were meta‐analyzed to evaluate increased risk for crash/near‐crash while distracted. Risk of bias and quality of research were assessed. Across methodologies, developmental stages, and type of distracting task, mobile technology use impairs youth safety on the road. Quality of evidence was low (pedestrian) to moderate (driving). Findings are discussed from the perspective of cognitive and visual distractions. Policy and behavioral efforts should continue to reduce mobile technology use in transportation settings.     

远程教育资源本地化的任务及策略研究

文章采用实证分析和网络调查等方法,对远程教育资源本地化的任务及其策略进行了研究,针对远程教育资源本地化的重要性及其现状,提出了远程教育资源本地化的具体任务及其流程模型,认为现阶段基于远程教育服务于终身学习社会建设的需要,应当采取6项有效的本地化策略。     

电气工程及其自动化专业学生创新和实践能力培养的内容与途径

本文介绍了学生创新和实践能力培养的依据,从实践教学一条线、研究性教学和研究性学习融合两方面确立了培养目标,根据培养目标和专业特点提出了具体的改革方法和实现途径。     

Approaching child abuse treatment from the perspective of empathy

Research identifies empathy as a moderating variable in the display of aggression. Research further suggests that empathy is a significant variable in the effective parenting of children. Studies in child abuse show that abusive parents score significantly lower on empathy measures as compared to their nonabusive counterparts. The purpose of this theoretical article is (1) to suggest based on the literature that empathy training should be a core component in treatment strategies with abusive parents. A variety of approaches to empathy training will be suggested; (2) to encourage the implementation of empathy training in interventions with abusive parents and the measurement through research of the effectiveness of this approach to treatment on a short and long-term basis.     

新时代教育方针下计算机专业大类人才基础课程培养体系改革研究

在学科大类的培养体系下,如何对各个专业的公共课程、公共专业基础课程、专业课程从顶层进行规划,建立联系和区分,改革计算机专业大类人才的基础教育课程培养体系,加强基础理论教育的同时培养学生的专业发展兴趣和良好的思想品德,将是一个值得研究的教改课题。本文以新时代教育方针下的要求作为指导方向,根据现有计算机相关专业学生的培养目标和培养方案,探讨和改进省属重点高校计算机专业大类人才培养方案基础课程体系改革的研究内容和目标,主要包括新时代教育方针下省属重点高校计算机专业大类人才基础课程培养体系改革的必要性、存在的问题及原因、培养体系改革与实践的具体措施、体系改革的实效性分析等。     

Playing to Learn: an overview of the Montessori Approach with pre‐school children with Autism Spectrum Condition

This article explores some of the literature concerning the effectiveness of the Montessori educational approach for children with ASC within an English school context. Firstly, there is a discussion, including a short historical review, regarding the ideology of inclusion and how it has impacted upon mainstream education. Also, how this can be facilitated using play‐based approaches such as Montessori. Secondly, various models of disability are identified in order to highlight how they have informed societal attitudes towards people with disabilities. There is a brief history of ASC detailing how a child with this disability may be affected on a daily basis and the effectiveness of alternative play‐based educational approaches such as Montessori in helping children with ASC to develop the appropriate skills they need in order to self‐regulate and thus modify their behaviour. Furthermore, the value of play‐based curriculums in supporting a child diagnosed with ASC throughout the learning process is also evaluated. The summary highlights the need for more evidence‐based studies to be undertaken in order to assess whether the Montessori approach is a valid alternative in teaching pre‐school children with ASC.     

Teacher training by alternating classroom work and work analysis: from the perspective of a social conception of meaning and action

This article explores teacher training by the alternation of classroom work and work analysis using an approach based on a social conception of meaning and action. The advantage of this approach is that it allows the development of professional activity in preservice teachers (PTs) to be assessed by tracking how the reflective tools acquired in training evolve in work and/or work analysis situations. The concepts of ‘meaning’ and ‘expectation’ are helpful in discussing the empirical data from a research program designed to evaluate the potential for PTs’ professional development offered by the alternating work/analysis programs of French University Institutes of Teacher Training. The main conclusions concern the need to organize PTs’ professional experiences within a training network so that PTs are not left on their own to face the diverse and complex situations of daily professional exercise. The effective procedures are those that allow PTs to construct concrete and circumstance‐based expectations that the professional rules they have learned are still operational. These expectations help PTs to efficiently calibrate and interpret the meaning of their work experience, while also allowing them to prepare to act differently.     

Stichwort: Weiterbildung im Spiegel empirischer Bildungsforschung

In the course of empirical educational research, there is an increasingly broad approach to inter-disciplinary contributions to academic questions related to the processes of institutionalised teaching and learning and their effects. By reference to a multi-level structure, inter-disciplinary studies are presented which focus on continuing education, the level of participation in continuing education and the effects of continuing education. A particular concern is to review approaches to research which are methodically designed to generalise findings about the effects of continuing education. Using monitoring studies as a starting point, economic and sociological education studies are considered which have their empirical basis in large-scale data records; the evaluation of in-service training courses in business enterprises is a branch of research which has been used, especially in the meta-analysis of smaller evaluation studies, to develop models of the effectiveness of company in-service training. To supplement these approaches which consider the effects of continuing education especially in the context of paid employment, the discussion also examines further social benefits of continuing education and various approaches to teaching and learning research. Finally, the current state of the research is then discussed in order to examine the implications for research strategy.     

Science students' approaches to learning

A small group of science students were closely followed through their under-graduate course. The problems and issues which arose as they came to terms with university are described. The notions of course-focussed and interest-focussed behaviour are introduced as ways of characterising the degree of independence the student demonstrated in relation to his learning objectives. These notions are discussed and further employed to indicate various attitudes and approaches to study which students adaptively developed in relation to their university work.Formerly of the Centre for Educational Technology, University of Sussex.     

基于工作过程的程序设计类课程开发

参照高职软件人才培养目标,围绕工作任务分析与行动领域内各知识点,分析VB程序设计类课程的教学任务,将其课程知识体系分为vB编程知识群和扩展知识群两个部分.在工作任务、职业能力及课程知识体系的分析基础上,设计冒泡排序、定时器、聊天程序、记事本和学籍管理系统5个学习项目,每一个学习项目又进一步分解成若干个学习型工作任务,学习与实践交替,使学生不断提高编程能力.     

Effectiveness of a competence training programme for parents of socially disruptive children

Modern evaluations of parent training programmes seek evidence not only of efficacy in optimal, often university clinic settings, but also of effectiveness under normal field conditions. The Kompetenztraining für Eltern sozial auffälliger Kinder (KES) is a cognitive–behavioural competence training for parents of socially disruptive children. This study tried to complement the investigation of its efficacy by exploring its effectiveness under field conditions. Staff at 14 child guidance centres conducted the training with 88 parents (63.6% mothers; mean age 37.2 years). Effectiveness was assessed by comparing problem behaviour in the child and stress in the family (German versions of Home Situations Questionnaire and Parenting Stress Index) before and after training. Results showed mild to moderate declines in child behaviour problems and moodiness, as well as doubts in the parent role, and stronger effects in more versus less stressed families. Qualitative feedback from the trainers after running the programme was positive. It is concluded that the KES is a sufficiently promising parent training to justify further and more rigorous investigation under field conditions.     

TASK ANALYSIS: BULIDING MODELS OF CHANGE PROCESSES IN GIFTED EDUCATION

Researchers in the field of gifted education are becoming increasingly aware that a variety of research approaches can make contributions to research on giftedness. This paper describes task analysis, a research methodology derived from counseling process research. Task analysis appears to be a useful research approach for building theoretical models of how therapeutic and educational interventions can facilitate positive changes in gifted children. The paper traces the historical development of task analysis methodology, describes the steps involved in conducting a rational‐empirical task analysis of change processes, and provides an example of how task analysis methodology might be applied to investigations of change processes in the field of gifted education.     

跨学科研究方法的成功探索——关于经验科学公理化的思考

公理化方法是演绎科学方法，但其基本精神早已渗透到经验科学之中，如何从科学方法论和科学认识论的角度对此作深入而系统的探讨，归当代科学哲学及跨学科理论研究中一个十分重要且又有相当难度的问题。本从分析经验科学公理化的特征入手，指出经验科学的公理化与演绎科学的公理化有不尽相同的模式，进而探讨了经验科学公理化的客观基础和可行性，最后分析了在经验科学中运用公理化方法的意义。