输入文本模态选择对听力理解影响的实证研究——以莆田学院为例

指出多模态的视听文本在英语听力课堂中已逐渐产生压倒性优势,着重调查不同模态的文本输入对英语专业学生听力理解的影响及其对高、低年级的学生作用是否存在差异。结果显示,输入文本的模态差异对不同层次的学生的听力理解均有不同程度的影响。因此,在听力训练中,应根据学生语言能力的发展及不同阶段的认知特征,循序渐进地按音频——字幕视听——视听模态顺序选择输入文本,提高学习效果。     

Reading in English as a First or Second Language: The Case of Grade 3 Spanish,Portuguese, and English Speakers

This study compared variables related to reading ability in Grade 3 students learning English as a first language (L1) and second language (L2). The students learning English as an L2 came from diverse backgrounds, with different levels of bilingualism in Spanish and English or Portuguese and English before they entered school. Both within‐group and between‐group differences emerged in comparing Spanish children from two cohorts, and in comparing the Spanish group to the Portuguese and English groups. Models predicting reading comprehension found differences with respect to the contribution of receptive vocabulary, decoding, and print exposure in the L1 and L2 groups, depending on the L2 students’ bilingual language status and language acquisition experiences. Additionally, print exposure was more highly related to comprehension in the lowest performing L2 groups. Implications and future directions are discussed.     

图式理论对大学英语教学的启示

认知语言学研究领域中的图式理论在英语阅读理解中具有十分重要的作用。文章阐述了图式理论在英语阅读理解中的作用,并探讨了图式理论对我国大学英语教学的重要启示。     

“自上而下”的解码方式在聆听理解中的应用

聆听是第二语言习得者接触外语语言输入的主要途径 ,它对外语学习起着重要的作用。本文就如何提高学生的聆听理解能力 ,用实验分析了图式理论中的背景知识在学生“自上而下”处理加工语言输入中能帮助语言习得者更好地理解聆听材料 ,并提出了相应的一些教学建议。     

提高创业型人才英语阅读能力与自主学习能力的途径——ECOT＋WRSLI教学策略实验研究

通过ECOT＋WRSLI教学策略在大学英语综合课的应用研究,旨在尝试提高阅读理解能力和自主学习能力的有效途径。采用的研究工具有测试、问卷调查、学习历程档案。实验结果表明：输入与阅读能力、语言能力、语言意识是正相关关系,英特网资源利用可以解决外语学习环境下输入的瓶颈问题,使i＋1输入理论具有可操作性;元认知策略对阅读理解能力没有重大影响;ECOT是促进学生自主学习和创新素质发展的有效方法。     

可理解性语言输入构成及其实现

Krashen提出的可理解性语言输入i＋1仅仅是指学习者获得的、作为学习对象的语言信息。而这样的语言信息输入之所以能被学习者理解和吸收,是由于各种相关内容作为辅助信息伴随对象语言内容一同被学习者所接受。因此,可以将i＋1＋X视为广义的可理解性输入。X（称为相关内容）有多种呈现形式,各种形式之间可以和i＋1有效结合,构成可理解性输入的整体。要实现输入的可理解性,就必须对i＋1的量有正确的认识,增强相关内容输入的多样性和融合性,理解输入与吸收的问题,并促进课堂意义的协商。     

语篇与英语阅读教学

阅读是一个复杂的心理语言活动过程，是作、语言信息和读三方面共同作用的结果。阅读理解实际上是一个人的概念能力、背景知识和加工策略三之间相互作用的结果。语篇阅读教学的目的是把阅读材料的感知输入转化为对阅读材料的最佳理解过程。章阐述了语篇语言学的四种理论模式，分析了三种语篇阅读的推理模式，并提出了语篇阅读的具体处理过程和方法。     

大学英语听力的学习与习得

听力教学以学习与习得的理论为依据,采用双向教学法,即将语言学习的教学方法与语言习得的教学方法结合起来,才能提高听力教学的效率。     

The Relations Between Children’s Reading Comprehension, Working Memory, Language Skills and Components of Reading Decoding in a Normal Sample

The primary aim of the current study was to identify the strongest independent predictors of reading comprehension using word reading, language and memory variables in a normal sample of 180 children in grades 3–5, with a range of word reading skills. It was hypothesized that orthographic processing, receptive vocabulary and verbal working memory would all make independent contributions to reading comprehension. The contributions of reading speed, receptive grammatical skills, exposure to print, visuospatial working memory and verbal learning and retrieval (a measure of longer-term retention) were also investigated. Working memory tasks that required the processing and storage of numerical and spatial material were used. One of the numerical working memory tasks was based on the number span task developed by Yuill, Oakhill, and Parkin British Journal of Psychology, 1989, 80, 351–361. A visuospatial equivalent of that task was developed from the forward Corsi block task [Corsi, Abstracts International, 1973, 34, 891]. The results revealed that, after controlling for age and general intellectual ability, the word reading and the language variables had a much stronger relation with reading comprehension than the memory variables. The strongest independent predictor of reading comprehension was orthographic processing since it captured variance in both word reading, language skills and verbal working memory. The forward Corsi task and performance on a measure of verbal learning and retrieval each made small independent contributions to reading comprehension but the contribution of verbal working memory was not significant. It was concluded that tasks measuring the interplay between short-term and long-term memory, in which new information is combined with information already stored in long-term memory, may better predict reading comprehension measured with the text available than working memory tasks which only have a short-term memory component.     

语言学习中的句子理解和记忆

根据心理语言学理论，在语言的理解和表达过程中，句子起着十分重要的作用。因此，在语言学习中，重视对句子的理解和记忆具有重要意义。     

Success,Personality, and Intelligence

Abstract

Sixty students were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups or to a control group. Both experimental groups were instructed with learning activity packages in French culture. These packages were designed to enhance listening comprehension, speaking proficiency, reading comprehension, and writing proficiency and to stimulate positive attitudes toward the French people, the language, and the course. The control group was instructed in a more traditional grammar-oriented program utilizing audiolingual learning activity packages. These packages stressed language skill proficiencies similar to those of the two experimental groups and, more importantly, emphasized mastery of designated principles of French grammar and structure. Students were pre- and posttested on their four language skill proficiencies and their attitudes. When compared with the control group, both experimental groups demonstrated greater growth in three of their language skills and in their development of positive attitudes toward French.     

Early literacy and comprehension skills in children learning English as an additional language and monolingual children with language weaknesses

Many children learning English as an additional language (EAL) show reading comprehension difficulties despite adequate decoding. However, the relationship between early language and reading comprehension in this group is not fully understood. The language and literacy skills of 80 children learning English from diverse language backgrounds and 80 monolingual English-speaking peers with language weaknesses were assessed at school entry (mean age = 4 years, 7 months) and after 2 years of schooling in the UK (mean age = 6 years, 3 months). The EAL group showed weaker language skills and stronger word reading than the monolingual group but no difference in reading comprehension. Individual differences in reading comprehension were predicted by variations in decoding and language comprehension in both groups to a similar degree.     

The effects of captions on deaf students' content comprehension, cognitive load, and motivation in online learning

The authors examined the effects of captions on deaf students' content comprehension, cognitive load, and motivation in online learning. The participants in the study were 62 deaf adult students who had limited reading comprehension skills and used sign language as a first language. Participants were randomly assigned to either the control group or the experimental group. The independent variable was the presence of captions, and the dependent variables were content comprehension, cognitive load, and motivation. The study applied a posttest-only control group design. The results of the experiment indicated a significant difference (t = -2.16, p < .05) in content comprehension but no statistically significant difference in cognitive load and motivation between the two groups. These results led to suggestions for improvements in learning materials for deaf individuals.     

Comparison between Input Hypothesis and Interaction Hypothesis

Krashen’s Input hypothesis and Long’s Interaction hypothesis are both valuable research results in the field of language acquisition and play a significant role in language teaching and learning instruction.Through comparing them,their similarities lie in same goal and basis,same focus on comprehension and same challenge the traditional teaching concept.While the differences lie in Different ways to make exposure comprehensible and different roles that learners play.It is meaningful to make the comparison because the results can be valuable guidance and highlights for language teachers and learners to teach or acquire a new language more efficiently.     

Within and Across Language Predictors of Word Learning Processes in Dual Language Learners

This study investigated the relation between Dual Language Learners’ (N = 90) vocabulary and grammar comprehension and word learning processes in preschool (aged 3-through-5 years). Of interest was whether: (a) performance in Spanish correlated with performance in English within each domain; and (b) comprehension predicted novel word learning within and across languages. Dual-language experience was evaluated as a potential moderator. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed stronger predictive associations within each language than across languages. Across languages, results varied by experience and domain. Structural sensitivity theory suggests exposure to two languages heightens awareness of parameters along which languages vary and provides a framework for interpreting complex associations within and across languages. Knowledge from one language may influence learning in both.     

阅读过程中系统功能语法的应用

Krashen的语言输入理论为通过大量阅读提高语言水平的做法提供了理论依据,并且随后一系列实验也证明了这种沉浸作用对于二语学习者语言水平的促进,因此,阅读得以从新的角度进行研究。在阅读过程中,传统转换生成语法所强调的词句的作用并不能保证对篇章的理解,而韩礼德的系统功能语法可以从语言的实质入手,运用功能语法的核心思想之一的纯理功能对篇章展开分析。作者从经验、人际、语篇三大纯理功能入手,从情态、及物性和衔接三个角度分析了一篇摘自于美国报刊的短文,以体现功能语法分析对阅读理解的提升作用。     

Beliefs about justification for knowing when ethnic majority and ethnic minority students read multiple conflicting documents

We examined the role of justification for knowing beliefs in learning and comprehension when ethnic majority and ethnic minority students from the same school classes read five conflicting documents on the scientific issue of sun exposure and health. Results showed that the more ethnic minority students trusted scientific authorities and the less they relied on personal opinion when validating knowledge claims in the domain of science, the more they learned from and the better they comprehended the documents. In contrast, justification for knowing beliefs did not seem to play a role in learning and comprehension among ethnic majority students. These results may reflect that the documents represented more of a challenge to the ethnic minority students, with justification beliefs affecting learning and comprehension processes to a greater extent when the task is perceived as an ill-structured problem. This study is probably the first to indicate different relationships between various justification beliefs and performance in different language and cultural groups, having theoretical as well as educational implications.     

歧义容忍度的研究现状及对外语教学的启示

歧义容忍度是影响外语学习的一个重要因素。从歧义容忍度研究的历史和现状可见歧义容忍度与外语学习成绩、听力理解、阅读理解之间具有相关性,而文化背景、学习风格、心理机制和自我意识是影响歧义容忍度的主要因素。歧义容忍度研究对我国外语教学具有一定的启示。     

Contributions of print exposure to first and second grade oral language and reading in Chile

This study examines the contribution of print exposure to oral language (expressive vocabulary and listening comprehension) and reading (word reading and reading comprehension) in first and second grade in Chile, and tests whether the contribution of print exposure to reading comprehension is mediated by language and word reading skills. Two‐hundred and eighty one children (mean age 6.55 years) participated. Print exposure was measured with a book‐cover recognition task in first grade, and outcomes were measured both in first and second grade. Print exposure had direct effects on all outcomes in first grade and indirect effects in second grade. Effects on first grade reading comprehension were partially mediated by listening comprehension and word reading, but not vocabulary. We discuss the importance of the findings for improving reading comprehension in countries with low access to books.     

The influence of question type,text availability,answer confidence and language background on student comprehension of an expository text

Reading is an essential activity for learning at university, but lecturers are not always experienced in setting appropriate questions to test understanding of texts. In other words, their assessments may not be ‘constructively aligned’ with the learning outcomes they hope their students to exhibit. In examination conditions, questions may be set with insufficient time for re-reading available texts, thus drawing more on students' powers of recall than on deeper learning and comprehension. Previous research has been undertaken on reading comprehension generally, but no research has yet explored the interaction of factors such as text availability (re-reading of texts), text layout, question type and respondents' language background. This study explores the correctness of 50 participants' responses to a set reading task based on an expository text, and participants' confidence in giving those answers, in relation to four factors: the effects of question type; text availability; text layout; and language background. The main findings are that non-native speakers of English have more difficulty and less confidence in answering implicit questions and that reviewing the text has a significant effect on response correctness for implicit questions. The form of text layout did not show a significant effect, however. Our results have implications for lecturers who set readings and questions for comprehension and others who use reading comprehension as part of their ‘hidden curriculum’. Further research in this area is required to determine more precisely the effects of language background.