二维客体在视觉工作记忆中的存储单位

本实验对由不同维度(颜色和形状)的不同特征构成的客体进行探测,以正确率和反应时为指标,探索视觉工作记忆存储的基本单位是客体还是特征。实验1结果显示特征数显著影响了被试的记忆成绩。实验2结果显示客体数对被试的记忆成绩没有显著的影响。最终实验得出记忆由不同维度的特征组成的客体时,视觉工作记忆存储的基本单位是特征。     

声旁线索对听写困难儿童认读和听写的不同影响

听写困难是指儿童阅读正常而听写落后的现象,是一种常见的儿童学习障碍类型.研究对比了声旁线索对听写困难被试听写和认读成绩的促进效应,结果发现:(1)增加1个声旁线索,听写困难组被试的认读成绩显著提高,而听写成绩没有变化;增加2个声旁线索,听写困难组被试的认读成绩和听写成绩都显著提高.(2)增加1个(或2个)声旁线索,正常组被试的认读成绩和听写成绩都显著提高.(3)与正常被试相比,声旁线索对听写困难被试听写成绩的促进程度相对较低.     

人工语法决策下的无意识思维效应——分心任务和目标任务相似性的影响

近几年来,Djksterhuis等人经过一系列针对无意识思维的实验研究,系统地提出了无意识思维理论(Unconscious Thought Theory,UTT)。其核心在于比较了在解决不同复杂程度问题时意识思维和无意识思维的优势和劣势。本研究在以往研究的基础上,结合Dijksterhuis无意识思维研究范式,以福建师范大学研究生为被试,采用改编的经典无意识思维范式,以复杂人工语法规则判断为判断任务。研究有意识思考、数字分心和字母分心三种思维条件下被试的复杂人工语法规则判断成绩是否存在差异。研究结果显示:有意识思考组的判断成绩要显著低于数字分心组和字母分心组,而数字分心组和字母分心组的判断成绩没有显著差异。     

小学生视觉注意能力对阅读效率的影响

本实验根据各个年级被试在字母的划消任务中的精确度和速度,将被试按不同的视觉注意能力水平划分为高低两组,通过测试这两组被试在出声朗读和默声阅读中的表现,来研究视觉注意能力对于阅读效率的影响,从而对视觉注意能力在信息加工过程的影响机制做进一步的分析。     

顿悟获得的心理机制文献综述

顿悟主要是指通过观察,对情景的全局或者对达到目标途径的提示有所了解,从而在主体内部确立起相应的目标和手段之间的关系完形的过程.是格式塔心理学派提出的一个重要的研究领域.顿悟现象有其自身的特点,经典的顿悟问题与搜索式问题是有本质的区别,因此其触发与解决也是与搜索式问题有着区别的.基于顿悟问题的独有特点,本文归纳了顿悟获得的理论机制及顿悟产生的过程,以便于更好地运用于心理与教育研究.     

应用表象训练技术提高弱智儿童表象清晰度和表象记忆实验研究

为提高弱智儿童表象清晰度和表象记忆能力,对北京地区48名弱智 被试进行的表象训练实验研究结果表明:被试整体训练后的清晰度和记忆成 绩均高于训练前的成绩,且差异显著;轻度与中度被试的清晰度成绩差异显 著;重度被试的记忆训练成绩均高于中度和轻度被试,且差异显著;高清晰组 的记忆成绩训练前后差异显著,低清晰组则不显著;说明表象训练技术对提 高弱智儿童的表象清晰度和记忆力是有效的,清晰度越高,对记忆提高的帮 助越大。在教学中,应加强和应用此项技术,提高认知能力,开发其潜能。     

小学学困生转化的实验研究

学困生是长期以来国内外研究者关注的热点。本研究被试为6名小学五年级学困生,采用个案研究、访谈以及准实验的方法,针对每个学困生在数学和语文学习中存在的问题,提出了相应的解决办法。实验结果发现．除了被试4的数学成绩提高不显著以外．其他学困生的语文和数学成绩均获得大幅度提高;并且三个被试的语文成绩超过了全班平均成绩。这表明针对学困生个别差异提出的解决办法,能够大幅度提高学困生的学业成绩。     

关于创造性思维的实验研究

创造性思维是教育工作者普遍关心的重要问题,也是实施素质教育必须解决的重点问题。国内外对此进行了大量研究。现将这个问题的有关实验研究成果简介如下: 一、促进创造性思维的方法 1.广开思路 有一个实验是让两组被试给一个故事情节定标题。对第一组被试,要求他们在定标题时尽量保证质量;对第二组被试,则要求他们广开思路,尽量多定题。两组被试所定标题数量不限。然后请两位裁判按七个等级来评定这两组被试所定标题的质量。 结果表明:(1)第二组被试在七个质量等级上所定标题数均多于第一组;(2)第二组被试的高质量标题的绝对数也明显多于第一组。这就是说,广开思路有助于进行创造性思维。     

愉快情绪对前瞻记忆的影响

通过对于积极情绪与前瞻记忆效果之间关系的实验研究,可知愉快情绪对前瞻记忆效果影响明显,低强度的愉快情绪对基于事件的前瞻记忆和基于时间的前瞻记忆没有影响;中等强度的愉快情绪能显著提高基于事件的前瞻记忆和基于时间的前瞻记忆成绩,并且对前者的促进作用小于后者;高强度的愉快情绪显著提高了前瞻记忆的成绩,但是高强度组被试的前瞻记忆成绩低于中等愉快组被试的前瞻记忆成绩。     

利用视觉支架式教学提升自闭症儿童语言能力的实证研究

本研究采用单一被试配对组实验设计,选取两名自闭症儿童,一名为实验被试,一名为对照被试,对实验被试进行为期两周的语言教学干预.研究结果表明:视觉支架式教学对提升自闭症儿童口述事件能力、语法句型结构、连贯性、词汇数及平均句长等方面的语言能力是有效的.     

An intervention approach for children with teacher- and parent-identified attentional difficulties

Using a multimodal and multi-informant method for diagnosis, we selected 33 children by teacher and parent nomination for attention and work completion problems that met DSM-IV criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Of the 33 children in this group, 21 participated in the initial intervention, and 12 were placed in an ADHD control group and received the intervention after pre- and posttesting. A similarly selected group of 21 children without difficulties in attention and work completion served as a control group. Each child was assessed on pre- and posttest measures of visual and auditory attention. After an 18-week intervention period that included attention and problem-solving training, all children in the intervention and control groups were retested on visual and auditory tasks. Children in both ADHD groups showed significantly poorer initial performance on the visual attention task. Whereas the ADHD intervention group showed commensurate performance to the nondisabled control group after training, the ADHD control group did not show significant improvement over the same period. Auditory attention was poorer compared to the control group for both ADHD groups initially and improved only for the ADHD intervention group. These findings are discussed as a possible intervention for children with difficulties in strategy selection in a classroom setting.     

Guiding Low Spatial Ability Individuals through Visual Cueing: The Dual Importance of Where and When to Look

Research suggests that spatial ability may predict success in complex disciplines including anatomy, where mastery requires a firm understanding of the intricate relationships occurring along the course of veins, arteries, and nerves, as they traverse through and around bones, muscles, and organs. Debate exists on the malleability of spatial ability, and some suggest that spatial ability can be enhanced through training. It is hypothesized that spatial ability can be trained in low-performing individuals through visual guidance. To address this, training was completed through a visual guidance protocol. This protocol was based on eye-movement patterns of high-performing individuals, collected via eye-tracking as they completed an Electronic Mental Rotations Test (EMRT). The effects of guidance were evaluated using 33 individuals with low mental rotation ability, in a counterbalanced crossover design. Individuals were placed in one of two treatment groups (late or early guidance) and completed both a guided, and an unguided EMRT. A third group (no guidance/control) completed two unguided EMRTs. All groups demonstrated an increase in EMRT scores on their second test (P < 0.001); however, an interaction was observed between treatment and test iteration (P = 0.024). The effect of guidance on scores was contingent on when the guidance was applied. When guidance was applied early, scores were significantly greater than expected (P = 0.028). These findings suggest that by guiding individuals with low mental rotation ability “where” to look early in training, better search approaches may be adopted, yielding improvements in spatial reasoning scores. It is proposed that visual guidance may be applied in spatial fields, such as STEMM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics and medicine), surgery, and anatomy to improve student's interpretation of visual content. Anat Sci Educ. © 2018 American Association of Anatomists.     

Impaired visual attention in children with dyslexia

Reading involves the correct and rapid identification of visual stimuli with letters and words. The processing of visual stimuli depends not only on the integrity of the peripheral and central visual system but also on the attentional systems involved. In the present study, a cue-target visual attention task was administered to a population-based sample of 25 children with dyslexia from 10 to 12 years of age. A control group matched for group size, age, and gender was obtained from the same general population. A two-stage screening process involved a spelling task of regular words followed by a battery of five single-word reading tasks. The cue-target task involved both a computer-controlled stimulus presentation and a computer-controlled measurement of reaction time. The data were analyzed by visual field, cue condition (valid, invalid, and no cue), and cue-target interval (CTI). The results showed a general pattern of slower responses in the dyslexia group compared to the control group. The dyslexia group also had longer reaction times in the short CTI condition (covert shift of attention) and in the long CTI condition (overt shift of attention). The findings may reflect a general attentional deficit to visual stimuli in dyslexia, possibly related to problems with the recruitment of necessary cognitive resources for the performance of complex reaction time tasks and for fluent reading.     

Visual search deficits are independent of magnocellular deficits in dyslexia

The aim of this study was to investigate the theory that visual magnocellular deficits seen in groups with dyslexia are linked to reading via the mechanisms of visual attention. Visual attention was measured with a serial search task and magnocellular function with a coherent motion task. A large group of children with dyslexia (n = 70) had slower serial search times than a control group of typical readers. However, the effect size was small (η _p² = 0.05) indicating considerable overlap between the groups. When the dyslexia sample was split into those with or without a magnocellular deficit, there was no difference in visual search reaction time between either group and controls. The data suggest that magnocellular sensitivity and visual spatial attention weaknesses are independent of one another. They also provide more evidence of heterogeneity in response to psychophysical tasks in groups with dyslexia. Alternative explanations for poor performance on visual attention tasks are proposed along with avenues for future research.     

Influence of Computer-Generated Visuals on Word-Problem Solving

This study investigated the effects of different visual strategies in the solving of word problems in computer-based lessons. There were three visual treatments, namely, visual-supplied, self-generated, and no-visual. Together with this, students were given two option-control treatments of programme-control where subjects solved ten problems, and learner-control where subjects solved six problems and were then allowed to choose up to ten additional problems.

Primary four students (n = 138) from two schools were randomly assigned to treatments in a (3 x 2) factorial design. To complete the experimental task, subjects worked individually at the computer for three sessions, each lasting approximately forty-five minutes. During the lessons, subjects were shown examples and prototype solutions, and solved word problems. A delayed post-test was administered a week later. Using on-task scores as the dependent variable, no visual treatment effect was detected. The self-generated group's post-test mean scores were significantly higher than those of the other two visual groups. Subjects in the learner-control group attempted five more problems than subjects in the programme-control group but the post-test scores were lower in the learner-control group. Results from this study suggest that requiring students to generate their own visuals is an effective strategy for solving word problems. Although students in the learner-control group attempted additional problems, their additional exposure did not result in higher post-test scores.     

Effect of attention therapy on reading comprehension

This study quantified the influence of visual attention therapy on the reading comprehension of Grade 6 children with moderate reading disabilities (RD) in the absence of specific reading remediation. Thirty students with below-average reading scores were identified using standardized reading comprehension tests. Fifteen children were placed randomly in the experimental group and 15 in the control group. The Attention Battery of the Cognitive Assessment System was administered to all participants. The experimental group received 12 one-hour sessions of individually monitored, computer-based attention therapy programs; the control group received no therapy during their 12-week period. Each group was retested on attention and reading comprehension measures. In order to stimulate selective and sustained visual attention, the vision therapy stressed various aspects of arousal, activation, and vigilance. At the completion of attention therapy, the mean standard attention and reading comprehension scores of the experimental group had improved significantly. The control group, however, showed no significant improvement in reading comprehension scores after 12 weeks. Although uncertainties still exist, this investigation supports the notion that visual attention is malleable and that attention therapy has a significant effect on reading comprehension in this often neglected population.     

高职院校扩招背景下学生学业现状及其辅导需求的实证分析

通过对扩招背景下高职学生的问卷调查,了解高职学生的学业适应、学业发展及学业情绪现状,在此基础上分析了高职学生学业适应、学业发展及学业情绪存在的问题及其产生的原因,并进一步分析学生对学业辅导的需求。在实证分析基础上指出了解高职学生的学业问题是学业辅导的前提。针对高职学生的学业辅导,要树立人人可教、皆可成才,精准辅导、各尽其才,三方联动、促进成才的辅导理念。制定高职学生的学业辅导方案要注意甄选辅导团队、优选辅导方式、精选辅导内容。     

论心理咨询在高校思想政治教育中的有效运用

心理咨询在高校思想政治教育中的科学运用是提高思想政治工作有效性的重要途径。在高校思想政治教育中有效运用心理咨询,对充分发挥教育功能,提高工作效率,可起到事半功倍的效果。     

Information processing in seven-month-old infants as a function of risk status

7-month-old full-terms and high-risk preterms (less than 1,500 grams at birth) were compared on problems of visual recognition memory and tactual-to-visual cross-modal transfer. On the visual problems, preterm infants showed significantly less differential attentiveness to novelty than full-terms. They also required longer exposure times during visual familiarization, primarily because of longer pauses between fixations. Preterms and full-terms exhibited different patterns of looking, as indicated by the duration of fixation and the frequency in shifts of gaze. On the cross-modal problems, preterms and full-terms both exhibited similar and significant preferences for familiar rather than novel stimuli, a direction of preference which suggests that these problems were relatively difficult for both groups. For the preterms, novelty and exposure-time scores were found to be related to several medical risk factors. Novelty preferences were compromised in preterms who had suffered RDS postnatally, particularly those who had required prolonged mechanical ventilation. In general, high-risk preterms exhibited deficits in visual recognition memory and in the ability to recruit, sustain, and shift attention.     

高师应用心理学专业学生实践能力培养模式初探

目前高师院校应用心理学专业培养方向不明确,理论对实践的指导不够,没有形成完整的实践能力培养模式。导致实践能力培养模式存在问题的原因在于理论指导不够和教育参与者重视不够。学生实践能力培养模式创建策略包括完善实践教学体系和扩展社会实践内容两个方面。