Primary Teachers’ Recommendations for the Development of a Teacher-Oriented Movement Assessment Tool for 4–7 Years Children

To inform the development of a teacher-oriented movement assessment tool, this study aimed to explore primary school teachers’ perceptions of assessing fundamental movement skills (FMS) within Physical Education (PE) lessons. Thirty-nine primary school teachers of PE, located in the United Kingdom, participated in an individual or group in-depth interview. Findings signify that teachers perceive a need for a movement assessment tool that is simple for them to use, quick to administer and provides valuable feedback to guide future teaching and learning. This is vital as teachers indicated a lack of appropriate resources and a shortage of curriculum time restricts their use of assessment within PE. A movement assessment tool that was integrated on a digital technology platform could increase teachers’ understanding of assessing FMS and enhance children’s learning of FMS.     

Beyond games and sports: a socio-ecological approach to physical education

Acknowledging the performative sporting discourses which continue to dominate physical education, and the emerging focus on disease prevention within this context, this paper presents a socio-ecological framework for physical education that aims to shift the focus towards more multidimensional understandings of what it means to be ‘physically educated’. In doing so, we hope to prompt physical educators in schools and undergraduate programmes to more confidently employ intra-personal, inter-personal and environmental lenses through which to view and understand physical education, and therefore extend the gaze beyond activity-driven practice and ‘downstream’ exercise for health. The proposed framework draws upon established socio-ecological models and encompasses functional, recreational, health-related and performance-related physical activities. The multi-layered complexity associated with the field of physical education is reflected within the proposed socio-ecological framework. Through embracing complexity, particularly the interactions between layers of influence, the framework encourages exploration of the ‘physical’ beyond its subordinate components like fitness, body mass index, tactical awareness or motor skills. The framework is inclusive of games and sports but questions how these activities can be connected in the everyday lives of the learners. Importantly, the framework provided is not an approach to teaching and learning and, on its own, will do little to address the ongoing critique about the privileging of performative and health discourses within physical education. As they have in other fields, socio-ecological frames can provide a useful reference for the teaching and learning of physical education. To produce physically educated citizens in the broadest sense, teachers need to be supported, across multiple levels, to reposition their field to that of a connected specialism contributing to the whole curriculum and the communities within which they are located. It is our contention that socio-ecological frames can serve as useful tools to facilitate such a repositioning.     

The Impact of Gymnastics on Children’s Physical Self-Concept and Movement Skill Development in Primary Schools

This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week gymnastics curriculum on children’s movement competence and their physical self-concept. There were 113 children (46% girls, 49% intervention) with a mean age of 9.4 years (SD = 1.8) that participated. Intervention children underwent 8 weeks of gymnastics and the comparison group continued with their standard curriculum. Age was a significant co-variate, a separate analysis was conducted on the lower (grades 2 and 4) and upper (grade 6) groups. The lower age group showed significant improvement in favor of the gymnastic group in fundamental movement skills. The upper age group showed a significant improvement for the control group in general body coordination and fundamental movement skills. For all grades, the physical self-concept showed a significant main effect in favor of the gymnastics group. The gymnastics intervention was found to be of particular benefit for developing children’s movement competence and physical self-concept in younger children.     

Knowing in primary physical education in the UK: negotiating movement culture

This paper aims to understand how pupils and teachers actions-in-context constitute being-a-pupil and being-a-teacher within a primary school physical education (PE) movement culture. Dewey and Bentley's theory of transaction, which views organism-in-environment-as-a-whole, enables the researcher to explore how actions-in-ongoing activities constitute and negotiate PE movement culture. Video footage from seven primary school PE lessons from a school in the West Midlands in the UK was analysed by focusing upon the ends-in-view of actions as they appeared through the educational content (what) and pedagogy (how) of the recorded PE experiences. Findings indicated that the movement culture within the school was a monoculture of looks-like-sport characterised by the privileging of the functional coordination of cooperative action. Three themes of pupils' and teachers' negotiation of the movement culture emerged U-turning, Knowing the game and Moving into and out of games. This movement culture required teachers to ensure pupils looked busy and reproduced cooperative looks-like-sport actions. In fulfilling this role, they struggled to negotiate between their knowledge of sport-for-real and directing pupils towards educational ends-in-view within games activities. Simply being good at sports was not a prerequisite for pupils' success in this movement culture. In order to re-actualise their knowledge of sport, pupils were required to negotiate the teacher's ‘how’ and ‘what’ by exploring what constituted cooperative actions within the spatial and social dimensions of the activities they were set. These findings suggest that if PE is to be more than just the reproduction of codified sport, careful adjustment and consideration of ends-in-view is of great importance. Without regard for the latter there is potential to create significant complexity for both teachers and pupils beyond that required by learning and performing sport.     

‘Reflective co-education’ or male-oriented physical education? Teachers' views about activities in co-educational PE classes at German secondary schools

As much as the principle of co-education may appear to make sense in physical education (PE) lessons, trends in its development have emerged over the past years, especially in secondary schools, which were certainly not intended by the pedagogical programme of ‘reflective co-education’, which stands for respect for equality and difference in co-educational PE classes. Although this programme has been anchored in the curricula of various federal states in Germany for around 15 years, the prevailing practice even today, and documented in many empirical studies, is that so-called ‘male-oriented’ activities (e.g. games) predominate in PE classes while ‘female-oriented’ activities (e.g. dance, aerobics, gymnastics or health-related exercises) are scarcely ever taught. The purpose of this contribution is to examine (1) the extent to which male (as well as female) PE teachers actually make such a one-sided selection of activities; (2) the reasons they give for this practice and the way they perceive and judge it; and (3) how they communicate this selection to each other and to their pupils. Seventy-one PE teachers (of both sexes) were asked about these questions in problem-centred interviews. The main result of the study is that both male and female PE teachers almost exclusively do ‘male-oriented’ activities (like games and other competitive activities) in mixed-gender classes, although they give different reasons for doing so. By contrast, so-called ‘female activities’ are avoided. The observable implications are that PE lessons have increasingly become dominated by male patterns of physical activity and that a hierarchy is constructed between so-called ‘male activities’ and ‘female activities’ in PE. As a result, a key objective of ‘reflective co-education’ has not been achieved. Female PE teachers suffer considerably under these conditions. It can be observed that many of them are either planning to reduce their hours in, or even give up, teaching PE (or have already done so).     

中学体育课堂运用篮球游戏教学的现状分析及对策研究

体育游戏教学是体育教学发展的必然趋势,体育游戏教学作为学校教育的重要组成部分,正日益凸显其重要作用。在篮球教学中能正确、恰当地运用篮球游戏,不仅可以帮助老师圆满顺利地完成教学任务,而且还可以培养学生学习篮球的兴趣,学到知识,掌握技术,提高自身素质。通过游戏的方式使学生们积极的参与到体育活动中来,间接地提高篮球的学与练。这种特殊的练习形式,符合当前学校调动学生的学习热情,发挥学生的主观能动性和创造性的课程标准改革要求。同时,对学生提高篮球基本技术,发展其应变能力,培养顽强拼搏,注重团队精神等意志具有极大的促进作用。     

体育游戏在体育教学中的运用

体育游戏的发展,是当前体育教育的热门话题。学生们最喜欢的学习方式之一就是在游戏中学习。在游戏中,学生的体质不但能够加强,提高免疫力,还可以在游戏中学到知识技能。在体育教学中有效地利用体育游戏,有利于体育教学的高效开展。本文指出了在体育教学中运用体育游戏,增强了学生团结协作的意识,使学生的性格更加开明,同时还能提高教师的教育教学水平。将体育游戏运用到体育教学中是当前形势发展的必然要求,本文还就体育游戏在体育教学中的运用进行分析。     

中小学体育与健康课程改革实验情况调查

：运用实地调查的方法对实验区实验前、后以及部分非实验区的情况进行了调查分析，结果发现：(1)学生积极主动的学习方式逐渐形成；以学生为中心的局面初步形成；学生学习效果明显，初步具有了一定的体育意识；教师初步建立了学生意识和课程意识，师生互动性增强。(2)学生的发展出现了两极分化及课堂愿望还不能完全得到满足等现象；教师存在形式主义、课堂上放任自流等现象；《课程标准》有待进一步完善。建议加大教师培训的力度和深度；逐步建立新的课堂教学常规；全面提高教研员的素质；进一步确立以学生为本的教育思想；争取家长的支持和配合；《课程标准》高中部分独立成册；实施小班上课。     

Book Reviews

This study examined the teaching of games via a tactical approach (also known as teaching games for understanding) from the theoretical perspective of social constructivism. A pilot study (of student teachers (STs) and pupils) informed the ‘main’ study which included collecting data on 49 STs, 58 cooperating teachers (CTs) and 1177 pupils. ST data were collected through videotaping (lessons), interviews and questionnaires; CT data through interviews and questionnaires; and pupil data through questionnaires. Data analysis techniques included systematic coding of teaching behaviours through computer software, using constant comparison to code open-ended question responses, and computing frequencies of Likert-scale question responses. T-tests were used to compare pre- and post-CT workshop data. Findings suggest that STs’ teaching of the tactical approach was in line with a social constructivist perspective, in part because lessons were student-centred. Overall student activity was 53% of all lessons taught, and STs facilitated pupil learning through several question and answer scenarios. Pupils wrote that they enjoyed playing games in what amounted to ‘authentic’ settings. Their responses also suggest that learning took place through ‘legitimate peripheral participation in communities of practice’ and this facilitated pupil movement through the ‘zone of proximal development’. There were indications that pupil experiences were mediated by ST competence. CTs reported that an in-service workshop on the tactical approach and mentoring was beneficial and subsequent pairings with STs elicited positive feelings from both parties.     

浅谈如何提高学生中考排球正面双手垫球水平的策略分析

排球教学在初中体育教学中占有一定的比例,同时也是中考的考试项目之一。对于体育课程中的排球教学来说,教师首先应让学生掌握的知识技能,便是垫球技术。在正式探究垫球技术的运用之前,教师需要对垫球这一动作形成一定的了解,形成自己的理论教学基础。而对于排球垫球技术教学来说,它虽然动作比较简单,但是因为球的移动范围比较大,所以在实际的学习过程中,学生掌握并不是很容易。因此,本文将立足初中体育排球课程教学现状的基础上,对如何提高学生中考排球正面双手垫球水平的策略展开分析。     

探析高校公体课教学方法

在新课程标准实施以来,高校公体课的教学方法的研究一直是很多体育教师关心的问题。高校公体课教学作为高校教学的重要组成部分,它和其他任何课程教学方法一样,本身就具备教育的意义,立足于学校的教学目标和教学任务,对课程的整体进程进行调控,让教学活动顺利的进行。     

我国基本动作技能教学中存在的问题及对策研究

为了不断完善我国基本动作技能教学的科学性、可操作性、有效性,使得理论与实践不断统一。运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法、对比法及案例分析法以基本动作技能如何教为问题导向,就存在的问题与解决策略为研究对象展开研究。得出当下存在的问题:教学中动作内容不够明确、计划性不明显、活动体验不充实、教学策略缺乏专业性、教到什么程度模糊。提出问题解决对策:相关部门要明确基本动作技能所应教的内容,教师要不断充实动作发展的理论储备;学习国外基本动作技能教学计划,使得基本动作技能教学具有可操作性;活动体验构建要以动作分析框架为工具,体验具有进阶性;教学策略中遵循动作发展水平与阶段学习规律,关注学生的动机、乐趣、成功;在其学生相应的发展年龄阶段,教会动作技能的动作标准。     

球类领会教学法的理论阐释与实践探索——以篮球教学为例

在建构主义学习理论和认知学习双向理论的导引下,球类领会教学法形成了项目导入、比赛赏识、战术理解、临场决断能力培养、技能执行和运动表现等单元构成的教学流程与模式.领会教学法学习效果的评量采用技能评量、认知评量、情感评量与社会行为评量等方法.领会教学法具有运动情境中的乐趣激发、学生技能战术的自主性提升、游戏比赛的系统设计、战术与技能的双向驱动和益于终身运动习惯养成等特色,对摆脱以运动技术传习为核心的旧观念、形成球类教学新思路具有典型的示范性.     

Laying the foundations for physical literacy in Wales: the contribution of the Foundation Phase to the development of physical literacy

Background: The Foundation Phase in Wales is a play-based curriculum for pupils aged 3–7 years old. Children learn through more holistic areas of learning in place of traditional subjects. As such, the subject of physical education in its traditional form no longer exists for pupils under the age of 7 in Wales. In light of the role of physical education in developing physical literacy and in particular the importance of this age group for laying the foundations of movement for lifelong engagement in physical activity, the disappearance of physical education from the curriculum could be deemed to be a concern.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the Foundation Phase as a naturalistic intervention and examine its contribution to the development of physical literacy.

Participants and setting: Participants included year 1 pupils (N?=?49) aged 5 and 6 from two schools in contrasting locations. A smaller group within each class was selected through purposive sampling for the repeated measures assessments (N?=?18).

Research design and methods: A complementarity mixed-method design combined quantitative and qualitative methods to study the Foundation Phase as a naturalistic intervention. Quantitative data were generated with the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 administered to the sample group of children from both schools as a quasi-repeated measure, the physical competence subscale of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance and the Leuven Involvement Scale for Young Children. Qualitative data were generated throughout the study from the analysis of video and field notes through participant observation. Data from the mixed methods were analysed through complementarity to give a rich insight into pupils’ progress and experiences in relation to physical literacy.

Results: Overall analysis of the data from TGMD-2 showed significant improvements in the Gross Motor Quotient and Locomotor skills from T1 to T3, but no significant improvement in object control. Data from qualitative methods were analysed to explore processes that may account for these findings. Video and field notes complement the quantitative data highlighting that children were developing their locomotor skills in many aspects of their learning. Observations using the Leuven Involvement Scale indicated that children had high levels of involvement in their learning and apparent in video and field notes was pupils’ motivation for movement. Paired sample t-tests (N?=?18) conducted on the Harter and Pike perceived physical competence six-item score subscales (T1 and T3) indicated a significant difference in the mean perceived physical competence scores on the six-item scale between T1and T3. Qualitative data explored pupils’ confidence for movement in many areas of learning.

Conclusion: The combination of quantitative and qualitative data indicates that the Foundation Phase is an early childhood curriculum that lays the foundations of physical literacy with the exception of aspects of the physical competence, specifically object control skills. Although these skills only contribute to psychomotor aspects of physical literacy they are strongly associated with later engagement in physical activity. The development of specific physical skills such as object control skills may need more specialist input with early childhood pedagogy teachers trained in motor development to see significant improvements.     

浅谈体育教学中体育游戏的运用

在体育教学中,运用游戏主要表现在准备活动、基本技术技能、身体素质练习、结束部分四个方面,运用游戏,其关键在于如何让人们认识到体育游戏在体育教学中的重要性。通过游戏来调动学生的学习热情,完成教学任务,提高教学效益;使游戏成为学生的"良师",老师的"益友"。     

‘It doesn't matter how they move really,as long as they move.’ Physical education teachers on developing their students’ movement capabilities

Background: Movement is key in physical education, but the educational value of moving is sometimes obscure. In Sweden, recent school reforms have endeavoured to introduce social constructionist concepts of knowledge and learning into physical education, where the movement capabilities of students are in focus. However, this means introducing a host of new and untested concepts to the physical education teacher community.

Purpose. The purpose of this article is to explore how Swedish physical education teachers reason about helping their students develop movement capability.

Participants, setting and research design. The data are taken from a research project conducted in eight Swedish secondary schools called ‘Physical education and health – a subject for learning?’ in which students and teachers were interviewed and physical education lessons were video-recorded. This article draws on data from interviews with the eight participating teachers, five men and three women. The teachers were interviewed partly using a stimulated recall technique where the teachers were asked to comment on video clips from physical education lessons where they themselves act as teachers.

Data analysis. A discourse analysis was conducted with a particular focus on the ensemble of more or less regulated, deliberate and finalised ways of doing things that characterise the eight teachers’ approach to helping the students develop their movement capabilities.

Findings. The interviews indicate that an activation discourse (‘trying out’ and ‘being active’) dominates the teachers’ ways of reasoning about their task (a focal discourse). When the teachers were specifically asked about how they can help the students improve their movement capacities, a sport discourse (a referential discourse) was expressed. This discourse, which is based on the standards of excellence of different sports, conditions what the teachers see as (im)possible to do due to time limitations and a wish not to criticise the students publicly. The mandated holistic social constructionist discourse about knowledge and learning becomes obscure (an intruder discourse) in the sense that the teachers interpret it from the point of view of a dualist discourse, where ‘knowledge’ (theory) and ‘skill’ (practice) are divided.

Conclusions. Physical education teachers recoil from the task of developing the students’ movement capabilities due to certain conditions of impossibility related to the discursive terrain they are moving in. The teachers see as their primary objective the promotion of physical activity – now and in the future; they conceptualise movement capability in such a way that emphasising the latter would jeopardise their possibilities of realising the primary objective. Should the aim be to reinforce the social constructionist national curriculum, where capability to move is suggested to be an attempt at formulating a concept of knowledge that includes both propositional and procedural aspects and which is not based on the standards of excellence of either sport techniques or motor ability, then teachers will need support to interpret the national curriculum from a social constructionist perspective. Further, alternative standards of excellence as well as a vocabulary for articulating these will have to be developed.     

试论中职学校体育课教学方法的改革与创新

体育与健康新的课程标准提出了"运动技能、运动参与、身体健康、心理健康、社会适应"等五个领域的目标,并且要树立"健康第一"的指导思想,促进学生健康成长;激发运动兴趣,培养学生终身体育的意识;以学生发展为中心,重视学生的主体地位;关注个体差异与不同需求,确保每一个学生受益等四个方面的理念,这些都对体育教师在教学方面提出了新的方向和要求。教学方法是课堂的重点,要贯彻落实新课程标准,实施新教学大纲,要提高学生的学习兴趣,调动学生学习的积极性,提高教学效果,必须与时俱进改革教学方法。     

大学体育足球教学与足球游戏的结合探究

在大学的体育课程中,足球并不是一门非常受学生欢迎的体育运动。相较于篮球、羽毛球、乒乓球等运动,足球的趣味、激情更难以被学生感受到。并且,其他运动的受众比例都是大量男生和少量女生,而足球的受众大部分是男生。以上种种原因,使得许多大学生对足球运动并没有多少学习和参与的积极性,这也打击了体育教师的教学热情。但足球运动是大学体育教育的重点内容,参与足球运动不仅能够锻炼提升学生的身体素质,还能培养学生的社交合作意识。因此,体育教师应当将足球教学与足球游戏相结合,激发学生的学习兴趣,提高足球教学的质量。     

深圳市中学田径项目的教学现状及分析

本文通过文献资料、问卷调查及访谈、逻辑分析等研究方法,对深圳市50位中学体育教师在田径项目的教学情况进行调查及分析。结果显示:教师们对新课程标准的了解程度普遍较高,但长期形成的体育教学观念没有完全转变过来;球类项目已经取代田径类项目成为深圳市中学体育教师教学内容的首选。同时发现多数教师的教学方式以完整运动技术教学为主,教学内容简单的围绕着单元教学体系进行设计,使内容过于枯燥单调,缺乏趣味性是学生不喜欢田径课的主要原因。     

高中篮球模块教学的实践与探索

随着体育的发展,模块教学理念深入学校的体育教学之中。模块教学是以学生为主体的教学模式,学生能够根据自己的特长和爱好选择适合自己的体育运动项目,从而保障了学习体育的积极性。针对于今天的教学来说,教师的教学目的一定不是单纯地去追求学生的学习成绩,今天随着新课标的不断深入,教师需要把以往从学生纯净的追求转变为对于学生综合素养的追求。这个时候体育学科的重要性就会有所体现,身体是革命的本钱,学生在学习的过程中一定要有一个好的身体素质,只有这样他们才能够更好地应对接下来的生活。