‘Doing for group exercise what McDonald's did for hamburgers’: Les Mills,and the fitness professional as global traveller

This article analyses fitness professionals' perceptions and understanding of their occupational education and pedagogical pursuance, framed within the emergence of a global fitness industry. The empirical material consists of interviews with personal trainers and group fitness instructors, as well as observations in their working environment. In addition, printed material from different occupational organisations and educational companies has been included. The narratives of the fitness professionals and a case study of Les Mills are presented and analysed through the concept of the McDonaldisation of society, or more specifically of fitness culture. The results show that, even though gym and fitness franchises differ from hamburger restaurant chains, there are crucial similarities, but also differences. One can, for example, discern a tendency towards the construction of predesigned and highly monitored programmes, such as the one developed by Les Mills. Homogenisation is also apparent when looking at the body ideals produced, as fitness professionals work on their own or clients' bodies, which makes it possible to anticipate a global body ideal. The social and cultural patterns of self-regulation and self-government found in gym and fitness culture can be understood and analysed in a global context. What we find is an intriguing and complex mixture of regulation, control and standardisation, on the one hand, and a struggle to express the body, to be ‘free’ and to transgress the boundaries set by the commercial global fitness industry, on the other.     

上海市不同职业人群的体质状况分析

采用文献资料法、测试法和数理统计法等,选取具有代表性的体质指标对上海市不同职业群体成年人样本进行对比分析.结果显示:体质状况由好到差依次为技术人员、商业人员、管理人员、办事人员、生产运输人员、其他从业人员、农民;男性不同职业群体之间身高、体重、肺活量存在显著差异,女性的差异性略小于男性;不同职业群体握力之间的差异性不显著;男性不同职业群体之间的坐位体前屈差异性不显著,而女性差异性显著.建议:构建以保障广大人民群众享有基本的体育服务为基本任务,具有广泛性、系统性、多元性、公益性特征的国民体质监测服务体系.     

江苏省健身教练国家职业资格鉴定现状及对策研究

采用文献资料法、数理统计法,对江苏省健身教练国家职业资格人员情况进行分析研究。结果表明：我省健身教练职业技能鉴定在全国居于领先水平,很多经验值得学习。目前,江苏省健身教练共报名培训2691人,1478人通过鉴定,合格率为54.92%。其中初级健身教练员占87.28%,中、高级健身教练人员所占比例明显偏小,培训师与考评员严重不足;健身教练人员多受过高等教育,且以30岁以下人员居多;健身教练人员中女性比例明显偏小等。针对此现状提出了一些对策与建议,以期为我省乃至全国以后的健身教练职业资格技能鉴定提供借鉴和参考。     

湖南城市职业女性健身消费与其他身体消费比较研究

运用文献资料研究、问卷调查、实地访谈等方法对湖南城市职业女性健身消费与其他身体美丽消费的相关问题进行研究.结果表明,是的现代标准下女性对身体不满加剧;“美女”行业走进大众生活;美丽消费成为职业女性个人消费首选;但城市职业女性整体健身消费热情不高;健身消费多少与收入高低并非呈正比;健身消费注重趣味与实效;美丽消费使女性痛并焦虑着;为促进女性的和谐发展,满足女性健身、健美、娱乐等多种需求,提出了必须通过多种途径,丰富和拓展职业女性健身健美体育文化,激发职业女性积极主动的健身参与意识,提高职业女性的健康素养.     

形体训练对护理专业学生职业形象的影响效果研究

将形体训练作为一种手段,从自我评价和应对方式的角度考察其对高职护理专业学生生理、心理需求和职业特点的需要,使之树立护士良好的职业形象。通过教学实验,在高职高专护理专业形体课教学中增加护理礼仪的教学,以此探索高职高专护理专业形体课教学对职业形象的影响效果,更好地体现工学结合的特点。     

广州市私人健身教练职业素质的调查分析

本文运用问卷调查法、数理统计法,以《广州市商业性健身俱乐部私人健身教练职业素质评价量表》为测量工具,对广州市9个区共360名私教会员进行了调查。结果显示:广州市私人健身教练职业素质各维度的得分均值处于中等偏上水平,其中得分最高的为职业心理素质与职业形象素质,得分最低的为职业知识素质与职业能力素质。将性别作为分组变量进行差异性检验时发现,在职业资历素质方面男性私人健身教练的得分显著高于女性私人健身教练;而在职业形象素质及职业身体素质等方面则是女性私人健身教练显著高于男性;不同性别的私人健身教练在职业素质总分方面不存在显著的差异性。将年龄作为主效应进行检验时发现,私人健身教练的年龄与职业资历素质之间存在着显著的正相关关系;在26-30岁时私人健身教练的职业身体素质会达到鼎盛时期。从区域视角来看,天河、黄浦、越秀等区在职业素质总分排名中靠前,而荔湾区成绩欠佳。     

Explaining Long-Term Exercise Adherence in Women Who Complete a Structured Exercise Program

The purpose of this study was to qualitatively examine factors related to physical activity adherence to understand why women continue to participate in long-term exercise after completing a structured exercise program. Data were collected from focus groups, interviews, and e-mails, and analysis used grounded theory. The central category related to physical activity adherence was self-worth. Motivation, activity enjoyment, priorities, body image, ability to access support, and self-regulation skills had an impact on the self-worth of nonadherers and adherers. Women must value themselves enough to continue to participate in physical activity once they start. Exercise and fitness professionals are encouraged to use strategies to increase self-worth and long-term adherence to physical activity. Some recommended strategies include (a) increasing motivation and enjoyment relative to activity, (b) making activity a high priority in a woman's life, (c) improving or deemphasizing body image, (d) increasing a woman's ability to access support, and (e) facilitating the use of self-regulation strategies. This study is the first to examine qualitative perspectives of exercise adherence among women who completed a structured exercise program. Several concepts related to adherence presented in the quantitative literature are confirmed and enhanced in this study.     

浙江省社会体育指导员调查与分析

通过对浙江省社会体育指导员人数、级别、年龄、性别、化程度、工作年限、指导情况等的调查分析。发现浙江省社会体育指导员存在着人数严重不足、男女比例失调、学历层次较低等现象,已开始成为影响我省全民健身活动健康深入开展的重要因素之一,参照国外先进国家的培训制度．提出建议．为大规模培养高质量的社会体育指导员提供一定的参考依据。     

The Life and Achievements of Eugeniusz Piasecki: A Renowned Polish Co-founder of Physical Culture Sciences

Abstract

Professor Eugeniusz Piasecki’s multiple contributions to the development of physical education as well as his activities in various educational, scientific, and social organizations place him among the elite physical education theorists in Poland and abroad. Until 1918, Piasecki was active in the cities of Kraków, Lvov, Kiev, and Zakopane, and in the years 1919–1939 and 1945–1947, he became firmly associated with the city of Poznań. Eugeniusz Piasecki was persistent in implementing his reformist ideas, especially in the field of training of physical culture professionals. Piasecki’s activities brought about significant advances in the theory and practice of physical education – called later physical culture sciences. Despite hardships and obstacles in his school and academic path, Eugeniusz Piasecki displayed a unique talent for propitiating medical and pedagogical professionals and for contributing to the development of the Scout Movement, school sports clubs, therapeutic gymnastics, university departments, and the League of Nations. The aim of the paper is to discuss and evaluate the original achievements of Eugeniusz Piasecki – a Polish scholar, physician, polymath, role model, and a co-founder of physical culture sciences, who made invaluable contributions to the training of PE teachers and instructors and the development of school and extra-school sport movement.     

大学生体质与体力活动的相关分析和研究

采用《学生体质健康标准》和体力活动概念研究大学生体质、体力活动现状及相互关系。从南京大学、南京理工大学等11所院校共抽取研究对象2 614人,其中男生1 313人,女生1 301人。体质测试采用《学生体质健康标准》,体力活动调查采用国际体力活动问卷。结果显示:大学生体质总体良好,男生体质综合得分、体质健康达标优秀率均优于女生;男生超重或肥胖发生率为9.5%,女生低体重发生率为24.5%,身体成分不合理对体质健康构成负面影响;大学生大中强度体力活动主要来源于体育课,课余时间体力活动偏少,女生活动比男生少,大学生每天静坐时间较长;每周有规律地参加大中强度体力活动,尤其是大强度活动可以有效提高大学生体质健康水平。     

Deleterious effects of obesity on physical fitness in pre-pubertal children

The prevalence of obesity in children has increased dramatically during the past decades in Europe and understanding physical fitness and its components in children is critical to design and implement effective interventions. The objective of the present study was to analyse the association between physical fitness (aerobic, speed, agility, power, flexibility and balance) and body mass index (BMI) in pre-pubertal children. A total of 2411 healthy schoolchildren (7–11 years) participated in this study. Anthropometric characteristics and body composition were assessed by skinfold thickness. Physical fitness was measured by nine physical fitness tests: endurance running, 20 m running speed, agility, handgrip strength, standing long jump and squat jump, sit and reach, medicine ball forward throw and static balance. No relevant differences were observed between boys and girls regarding anthropometric characteristics, body composition and physical fitness. However, overweight and obese children showed significantly lower physical fitness levels in endurance running, speed and agility (mean: +18.8, +5.5 and +14.5% of time to complete tasks, respectively), lower limb power normalised to body mass (?23.3%) and balance tests (number of falls: +165.5%) than their normal weight counterparts. On the other hand, obesity did not affect handgrip, throwing and flexibility. In conclusion, increased BMI was associated with lower performance capabilities limiting proper motor skill development, which directly affects the ability of children to take on sports skills. Actions undertaken to promote children's wellness and fitness should be prioritised and introduced early in life with the aim of enhancing physical fitness as well as preventing overweight and obesity.     

中国体质研究的进程与发展趋势

结合我国古代医学、现代医学、人类学和生物学等学科的理论,采用专家访谈、文献调研等方法,回顾我国体质学的由来、理论基础和发展历程,并重点论述当前我国体质研究的不足以及对未来体质学发展的思考。研究认为,中国"体质"一词最早来源于《黄帝内经》,"形神合一"是我国古代体质观的精华。随着历史的演变和科学文化的发展,体质的概念也在不断地完善和充实。目前公认的观点是,体质是人体的质量,是在遗传性和获得性的基础上表现出来的人体形态结构、生理功能和心理因素等综合的、相对稳定的特征。开始于20世纪70年代末的"中国青少年儿童身体形态、机能和素质的研究"。成熟于"中国国民体质监测系统"的建立。2000年在我国开展了幼儿(3~6岁)、儿童青少年(7~19岁)、成年(20~59岁)和老年(60~69岁)人群的体质监测工作。标志着体质研究已上升为我国体育科学界最为活跃的研究领域之一。我国的体质研究应该尽快提升体质测量与评价的多样性和多层次化,以便科学和便捷地指导国民进行体育健身。     

浙江省机关干部和知识分子的体育意识和健身现状的调查与分析

通过对浙江省13892例机关干部和知识分子的体育意识、体育锻炼情况、自我保健以及对国民体质监测的认识等方面的问卷调查与研究，发现浙江省机关干部和知识分子的体育人口已达到3774％，但存在各年龄段比例相差较大的现象；体育消费还处于一个相对滞后的水平．有73.4％的人平均每月用于体育的支出为65元，远远低于化、娱乐的消费水平；以自发的业余时间锻炼为主．主要在免费的场所、空地等进行跑步、长走等项目的锻炼；比较关心自身的健康状况．但缺乏准确、有效的健身手段；对体育的基本知识、体育政策、具体的锻炼方法等了解不够．认为开展国民体质监测有必要的。调查结果提示：应充分发挥政府的指导性作用．调动社会各界的力量．为大众体育提供必要的场地设施，普及科学健身的知识方法．是当前发展大众体育的关键。     

体形变化（肥胖）对体育教师职业形象影响的调查分析

职业的特殊性对体育教师的身体形态要求有别于其他职业。运用文献资料、访谈、问卷调查等方法探究身体形态与体育教师职业形象的关系,表明：公众对体育教师职业形象外在仪表中的体重和身高两项有较高要求,肥胖可降低其职业能力,进而有损职业形象地提升。体育教师职前拥有良好的体形,但职后10年内体重增加,超重和肥胖发生概率略高于其他人群,产生的原因也体现出独特性。运动时间和量剧减、饮食习惯意识薄弱、饮食无规律等不良生活方式是引起体育教师肥胖的重要环境因素,由此提出相应的策略。     

体育校本课程研究的动因及其特征探索

体育校本课程开发已经成为我国当前体育课程改革的一项重大举措。开展体育校本课程研究,其动因来自于调动学校和体育教师创新的积极性,促进体育教学与科研的密切结合和重塑体育教学研究的机制系统。其特征在于学校是课程研究的基地,体育教师是课程研究的主体。实现以创新精神和实践能力为核心的身心健康教育,促进师生的共同发展是课程研究的直接目的。     

Index for Volume 59 (1988)

Abstract

Numerous epidemiological investigations have shown that low physical fitness and low physical activity are related to the incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD). Most studies, however, have not examined both variables concurrently to determine which has the strongest association with CAD risk. The purpose of the investigation was to cross-sectionally examine the relationships among physical fitness, physical activity, and risk factors for CAD. Male law enforcement officers (N = 412) from the City of Austin, Texas, were subjects for this study. Physical fitness, physical activity, and risk factors for CAD were assessed through health screenings and from data collected as part of an annual physical fitness assessment. Multivariate analysis of covariance revealed that physical fitness, but not physical activity, was related to several single CAD risk factors. Percent body fat, smoking habits, and Type A behavior score were negatively related to physical fitness level, and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was positively related to physical fitness level. Univariate analysis of variance found both physical fitness and physical activity to be significantly related to a composite CAD risk score. Low physical fitness and low physical activity were associated with a high CAD risk score. These data suggest that physical activity must be sufficient to influence physical fitness before statistically significant risk-reducing benefits on single CAD risk factors are obtained, although minimal engagement in weekly vigorous activity provides a significant benefit for the composite CAD risk score. It is plausible, however, that physical fitness is a stronger measure than physical activity and optimally characterizes the relationship among physical activity and CAD risk factors.     

高等院校体育专业教育与社会体育指导员的培养

目前．我国社会体育指导员队伍严重滞后于全民健身的需要。高等院校体育专业是为社会培养专门性服务的体育人才的．我们要充分发挥高等院校体育专业的优势．顺应全民健身的需求,并对体育专业的教学进行一系列的改革,把培养社会体育指导员的工作引进高等学府．尽快培养出高水平的社会体育指导员。     

Mediating effects of resistance training skill competency on health-related fitness and physical activity: the ATLAS cluster randomised controlled trial

The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effect of resistance training skill competency on percentage of body fat, muscular fitness and physical activity among a sample of adolescent boys participating in a school-based obesity prevention intervention. Participants were 361 adolescent boys taking part in the Active Teen Leaders Avoiding Screen-time (ATLAS) cluster randomised controlled trial: a school-based program targeting the health behaviours of economically disadvantaged adolescent males considered “at-risk” of obesity. Body fat percentage (bioelectrical impedance), muscular fitness (hand grip dynamometry and push-ups), physical activity (accelerometry) and resistance training skill competency were assessed at baseline and post-intervention (i.e., 8 months). Three separate multi-level mediation models were analysed to investigate the potential mediating effects of resistance training skill competency on each of the study outcomes using a product-of-coefficients test. Analyses followed the intention-to-treat principle. The intervention had a significant impact on the resistance training skill competency of the boys, and improvements in skill competency significantly mediated the effect of the intervention on percentage of body fat and the combined muscular fitness score. No significant mediated effects were found for physical activity. Improving resistance training skill competency may be an effective strategy for achieving improvements in body composition and muscular fitness in adolescent boys.     

Exercise and bone

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the interrelationship between aerobic fitness, body composition, and physical activity in 9- and 15-year-olds. The 270 participants were randomly selected from 18 primary and secondary schools in Iceland. Aerobic fitness was assessed by a graded exercise test on a bicycle ergometer. Body composition was estimated via: logarithm of sum of four skinfolds (log_e skinfolds), waist adjusted for height, and body mass index (BMI). Physical activity was measured with Actigraph activity monitors using total activity each day as the physical activity variable. Aerobic fitness was chosen as the primary outcome variable, body composition as the secondary variable, and physical activity as the tertiary variable. All the full models explained a similar proportion of fitness variance for both age groups (45–65%). Among the 15-year-olds, log_e skinfolds explained a significantly larger proportion of the fitness variance (54%) than waist adjusted for height (29%) and BMI (15%), but all the body composition variables explained a similar proportion of the fitness variance (35–42%) among the 9-year-olds. Physical activity explained a smaller proportion (0%) of the unadjusted variance in fitness for the 9-year-olds than for the 15-year-olds (19%). This group difference became non-significant (0% vs. 4%) when adjusting for log_e skinfolds but remained significant when controlling for waist adjusted for height (0% vs. 15%) and BMI (0% vs. 18%). Gender differences in aerobic fitness after puberty can largely be explained by gender differences in log_e skinfolds and physical activity. In conclusion, the interrelationship between fitness, body composition, physical activity, and gender is not the same among 9- and 15-year-olds.     

网球运动对老年人体质影响的研究

运用问卷调查法、数理统计法、对比分析法等研究方法,以郑州市年龄为60岁以上的男性老年人为研究对象,并以其是否参加网球运动或其他运动项目分为观察组(从事网球运动)、对照组I(从事其他运动项目)和对照组II(未参加任何运动项目)。对调查对象的个人基本情况、身体形态、身体素质等方面进行了调查和测试,并以这些指标为基准,通过对调查对象的各个指标的对比分析来研究体育锻炼尤其是网球运动对老年人体质的影响,全面、系统、科学的分析网球运动对提高老年人体质状况的影响,为指导老年人选择和参加健身运动、提高老年人健康水平提供科学的理论依据。