从生命关怀教育谈教师的成长

生命关怀教育点化、润泽生命,直面生命存在,内含积极主动的人生态度,为促进教师成长提供了方向和动力。目前,教师在成长的过程中存在着教师形象被神化,缺乏必要的经济支持,教师的职业压力持续增强,生活表现出单调、重复,对教师的教育过于注重工具理性等问题。因此,在生命关怀教育理论的指导下,应该赋予教师合理的角色,改善教师的生存状态,满足教师多方面的需求,重塑教师教育的价值取向,提高教师专业发展的实效性。     

Keeping up: A dilemma for science teachers

This paper is based on interviews with seventy-five science teachers in twelve schools across Australia. The interviews were conducted as part of a D.E.E.T. Project of National Significance. The purpose of the project was to develop a strategy for the professional development of science teachers. The main purpose of our interviews was to listen to teachers' views on what such a strategy should try to achieve. We asked them to talk about conditions affecting the quality of their work, their attitudes to teaching, their professional development, their careers, the evaluation of teaching, and Award Restructuring. Through these interviews we came to understand how many science teachers are loosely connected with potentially valuable sources of support for their professional development. In this paper we focus on one group of “loose connections”; those between science teachers and scientists in other fields, research in science education, and their colleagues within science departments in schools. Specializations: Science education, reflective practice, teaching and learning. Specializations: Professional development, educational evaluation.     

On change of concepts: From teacher’s occupational ethics to professional ethics

The transition from experience-based teachers to expertise-based ones has marked a significant phase in the history of human education. The conceptive transition from the general “occupational ethics” of teachers to “professional ethics” is actually an important aspect of the transition from experience-based to expertise-based teachers. The establishment of teachers’ professional ethics bears the same historical inevitability as the movement of teachers’ professionalization. Complying with this trend, we ought to promote the establishment of teachers’ professional ethics specifically in view of the improvement in their living conditions and professional development. __________ Translated from Educational Research, 2005 (1)     

The contribution of educational research to teachers’ professional learning: philosophical understandings

In this paper, we argue from principle that teacher education must enable a positive relationship between educational research and teaching knowledge and practice. We discuss two popular conceptions of good teaching, which conceive of the teacher as craft worker and as executive technician, and suggest that, while each of these aspects of knowing reflects something of the qualities that good teachers need, any one on its own is insufficient. In contrast to such mono-dimensional conceptions, a research-based textured notion of professional judgement encompasses a complementary and mutually enriching relationship between different aspects of professional knowledge and practice. We identify three interconnected and complementary aspects of teachers’ professional knowledge: situated understanding; technical knowledge; and critical reflection. Accordingly, teaching as professional endeavour demands of teachers practical know-how, conceptual understandings of education, teaching and learning, and the ability to interpret and form critical judgements on existing knowledge and its relevance to their particular situation. We conclude that in principle research can both enrich and be enriched by teachers’ professional knowledge and practice but that to build this relationship in a holistic way into teacher education programmes and partnership models presents considerable practical challenges.     

浅谈如何在教学实践过程中培养表演专业创造型人才

在表演教学中,对创造型人才的培养是至关重要的。这就要求教师不断地改进教学方法,提高自身专业技能和素质,使学员在学习过程当中开拓思维,成为具有创造性的艺术人才。培养学生的创造力离不开对学生想象力的培养。想象是演员进行形象思维的重要前提,在整个创作中,想象是引导演员的先锋。艺术教育有别于其他的教育,"一"对"一"的教学是它的教学特点,在教学中不能一刀切,要有针对性,做到对每一个学生因材施教,激发学生的创造性,拓展学生的想象空间。通过提升教师的自身素质和创造能力能使教学更加良性互动。     

Warking with other adults: what teachers need to know

This paper discusses the concepts which trained teachers carry into the classroom from their initial teacher education courses and argues that these outmoded concepts must be altered so that the roles which other adults play can be understood by teachers. There is a common perception that teaching is a solitary activity carried out by a trained adult with a group of learners. The reality is that there is often another adult present. To maximize the support of another adult, teachers must understand the roles of those involved and they must be prepared to manage the involvement of other adults who may not be trained teachers. The paper is set in the context of classroom assistants working in Scottish primary mainstream classrooms. It concems the way in which teachers and other adults work together to support children with behavioural difficulties. Although the data is peculiarly Scottish, the lessons learned have a wider national and international currency, for it seeks to explain the changes necessary in teachers' thinking about collaborative working. This paper argues that continuing professional development must be provided to allow teachers already in the field to consider the effect on their professional identity produced by the presence of other adults. Most crucially, it is argued that initial teacher education must acknowledge the changes happening in mainstream classes and must include personnet and performance management training in courses for student teachers.     

城乡教育一体化与农村幼儿教师专业发展

城乡教育一体化作为当前我国基本教育政策,深刻影响着农村学前教育的振兴,关系到农村幼儿教师的专业发展。探寻城乡教育一体化与农村幼儿教师专业发展的密切关系,有助于促进农村幼儿教师的专业发展。必须切实发挥城乡教育一体化的制度功效。为此,应努力建立城乡教育一体化投入保障机制,激发农村幼儿教师专业发展的内在动力;建立城乡教育信息资源共享机制,搭建农村幼儿教师专业发展的技术平台;建立和完善农村幼儿教师的继续教育培训机制,提供农村幼儿教师专业发展的有力支持;提供积极的专业引领,有效引导农村幼儿教师的专业发展。     

Qualified Pedagogical Reflection as a Way to Improve Mathematics Education

All changes of the character of education and improvement of its quality depend, in our view, particularly on the teacher. To be able to do their work efficiently, teachers have to be equipped with professional skills and dispositions, with “teachers’ competence”. For their professional growth, we consider indispensable competence in reflection, which is aimed at the teacher’s activities with regard to aspects of pedagogy and/or subject-didactics. From the point of view of the goals and content of their teaching and the methods of work (and their realisation), the development of teachers’ conscious self-reflection on their own teaching and systematic pursuance of joint reflection with other teachers and/or researchers can promote the teacher’s professional growth. In this paper, we show how a selected group of elementary school teachers reflected on their competence in the course of preparing, carrying out and analysing several instruction experiments. The paper is based on samples of teachers’ reflections and their gradual development from mere simple conversations based on intuitive perceptions, through searching for effective teaching approaches, to the deep assessment of mathematics teaching from the point of view of topics and their didactic elaboration and to suggestions for the teachers’ own experiments. May the teacher know what he teaches. May the teacher know how to teach. May the teacher be sincerely interested in teaching. Comenius     

The Task of Professional Development

Policies of inclusive education are emerging from many ministries and departments of education in countries around the world. McLesky and Waldron (2002) have argued that when teachers and administrators in schools begin to have discussions about inclusion the discussions often lead to two conclusions about how schools must change: (a) the change must address the needs of all students, not just those with disabilities, and (b) “school improvement” replaces references to inclusion. That is, teachers and administrators begin to rethink and restructure their programs in special and general education to improve the education of all students. In having to reform their practices general education teachers, in particular, must develop new understandings related to inclusion and reconceptualise how students with disabilities and learning difficulties might best be taught. As a consequence these teachers are recognising that they must change their practices in curriculum, pedagogy, and assessment. However, in order to make the changes and to develop new classroom practices general education teachers often reveal a need for inservice training. Thus there is a call from general education teachers for professional development in various areas. Several authors have described a range of initiatives in professional development in the context of school improvement. For example, there are alliances between teachers and researchers through teacher-researcher professional development groups (e.g., Vaughn, Hughes, Schumm, & Klinger, 1998) and collaborative communities (e.g., Englert & Zhao, 2001); professional development schools (PDS) where special educators are viewed as “catalysts” who further the knowledge of both inservice and preservice teachers (Voltz, 2001); “critical friend(s) groups” which are teacher support groups (Bambino, 2002); “Friday Forums” where teachers within a school use internal school expertise to inservice each other (Hudson, 2002); and professional learning communities or networks of various types, sometimes developed by professional organisations and itinerant specialists who are assigned to school districts to work on school reform with schools and teachers.     

A research on the professional moral conducts of teachers in China

Developing a professional ethics is crucial towards amassing the ranks of high-quality teachers, which contributes to the improvement of national education. This study bases its analysis on the survey of humanistic qualities of Chinese citizens. 3348 teachers at three different levels from 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities of China are investigated into their professional moral conducts in terms of sense of responsibility and initiative. The result shows that the professional moral levels differ distinctly among teachers from universities, junior or senior high schools and primary schools. The results suggest that professional ethics is vulnerable to external factors. It is essential for the construction of teachers’ professional ethics to improve their moral culture. Translated from Shanghai Jiaoyu Keyan 上海教育科研 (Shanghai Research on Education), 2006, (4): 4–6     

高职院校会计教师队伍的优化与创新

在“职业教育就是就业教育”的思想指导下,高职院校会计教育的目标是：培养应用型的专业技术人才。高职院校的会计教师应该更新传统的会计专业教学理念,建立会计实践教学体系,发挥团队优势,完善知识结构,创新思维模式,提高教师的实践能力和职业教育素养,继而提高教学水平,以便为社会培养更多更适用的会计人才。     

Exposing the impact of opp(reg)ressive policies on teacher development and on student learning

This case study draws attention to Pedro’s story, a Grade 6 Latino teacher who, along with other grade 4–6 teachers, participated in a three-year professional development research project. By using data analyzed from multiple ethnographic interviews with teachers and students, and by drawing from the quantitative analyzes of concept map unit tests, we illustrate how Pedro’s significant professional growth and his students’ learning were truncated by top-down school district policies. These policies were implemented because of the punitive nature of the No Child Left Behind Act. Simply put, this case study exposes the impact of opp(reg)ressive policies on learning, that is, policies simultaneously oppressive and regressive. The critical perspective of the project, and its emphasis on assisting teachers to make their pedagogy and curriculum more culturally and socially relevant, was informed by sociotransformative constructivism (sTc). This is a theoretical framework that affords equal importance to cross-cultural education (learning about and acting on socially/culturally relevant issues) and social constructivism (learning to critically produce and consume knowledge). We hope that this case study will provide additional insights into the slow progress we continue to make in science teacher professional development and in closing the achievement gap.     

绩效评价：教师专业发展的引领和激励

探讨并分析了教师绩效结构的五个维度,即师德、学科素养、课堂教学、学生学习和班主任工作。提出教师绩效评价必然将教师的专业发展与学生的全面发展相联系;必须基于教育教学改善、专业思考和协商参与,增进教师对教育教学的理解并改善实践;必须促使教师从个体竞争走向团体竞争。     

Preparing teachers for a mobile world,to improve access to education

Recent statistics on the use of mobile technology proclaim that the world is becoming mobile. People use their phones to socialize, to conduct business, to search for information, and more. For the first time in history, people around the world have the potential to learn from any location at their own convenience. But first, education systems must change, to facilitate mobile access to education. As this article describes, the most important change will be training teachers, both in pre-service programmes and through professional development, to use the technology to design and deliver education and to create bridges to informal learning. The article also describes some projects around the world that are helping to prepare teachers for the mobile world, and some pilot projects using the technology. Most such research, however, is limited to short-term studies focusing on learners’ satisfaction with mobile learning. Future studies must consider its long-term benefits and its impacts on performance and retention. As mobile technologies emerge, teachers have to keep up with the changes so that they can take advantage of the power of the technology to design and deliver education.     

工科类学生高等数学成绩分析与研究

利用SPSS17.0数据统计软件对某高校工科类学院2012级学生的高等数学成绩数据分析发现,学生数学成绩的高低既与学生重视程度相关,也与任课教师教龄有很大关系,但与教师本身职称、学历关联度不大。为此必须通过激发学生学习高等数学的兴趣、提高青年教师教学能力和加强师德建设等方法,提高课堂教学效果。     

Teachers’ Goal Orientation Profiles and Participation in Professional Development Activities

Participation in professional development activities is important for teachers to continuously improve their knowledge and skills. However, teachers differ in their attitude towards learning activities. This paper examined how different goal orientation profiles are related to participation in professional development activities (acquiring information and asking feedback). To this end, we conducted latent profile analysis based on a sample of 984 teachers in vocational education. Five profiles were identified: diffuse (50.1%), moderate learning (12.3%), high avoidance (10.9%), performance oriented (15.9%) and success oriented (10.7%). Furthermore, means of acquiring information and asking feedback from teachers were compared across the profiles. Teachers with a success-oriented profile (high learning and performance approach goals) scored significantly higher while teachers with a high-avoidance profile scored significantly lower on asking for feedback and acquiring information. Exploration of background characteristics indicated that age, gender and work experience outside education were related to the goal orientation profiles. Our findings show that goal orientation profiles can be used to explain individual differences in teachers’ propensity to engage in professional development activities.     

Whole-School Collaborative Sustained Professional Development and Science Teacher Change: Signs of Progress

The experiences of middle school science teachers at two schools in the southeastern US who participated in collaborative, sustained, whole-school professional development and their implementation of standards-based instructional practices are the focus of this study. Participants were involved in their second year of the professional development experience. The research question that was explored was “How are science teachers implementing standards-based instruction while participating in effective professional development experiences?” Data collected in the form of teacher interviews and classroom observations using an observation protocol. Findings indicate that even with effective professional development, teachers implement standards-based instructional practices at varying levels. The reasons for these differences are discussed and the role of teacher beliefs and the impact of beliefs, experience and support from administrators on professional development efforts are discussed. Implications for future science education reform stakeholders and professional development efforts are revealed.     

我国教师激励机制的缺失及设计

本文从人力资源开发与管理的角度,依据博弈理论分析了我国现行教育体制下学校教师的激励机制,发现不仅教师的尽职激励合约缺失,敬业激励合约也缺失。要改变这一现状,必须建立真正的教师用工解聘制度,明确尽职激励合约与敬业激励合约的激励界区;同时必须建立与敬业激励相容的晋升制度,逐步废除非敬业激励相容的晋升评定指标。     

有感德国职业教育

德国的职业教育誉满全球;而在我国,社会对职业教育的认可度是较低的,主要源于观念的问题。在德国,职业教育由政府主导;在我国,在对职业教育的管理上,政府发挥主导作用的力度不够。在德国企业看来,培训费用的投入就是企业的一种投资,对企业具有增值的意义;在中国,很多企业着眼于眼前的利益,不愿在职业培训上投入过多。在德国,对于专职教师的任职资格要求较严,必须经过2年以上的工厂实践;在我国,职校教师大部分没有相关的实践经验。     

Science Teachers’ Professional Development and Changes in Science Practical Assessment Practices: What are the Issues?

This paper considers the circumstances under which science teachers can respond positively and productively to educational policy reforms in the area of science practical assessment. To understand what might be involved in linking science teachers’ assessment capacities and their professional development, we present illustrative data from recent research studies conducted in Singapore and Hong Kong showing contrasting approaches taken in the implementation of reforms in science practical assessment. In Singapore, teachers worked together to select, discuss, clarify and refine their practices as they made decisions about what to teach and assess. In Hong Kong, teachers took a critical stance towards the new policy and learnt from their own experiences in order to build their confidence. With the same policy initiative, one group of teachers focused more on the technicalities of complying with requirements imposed on them while in the other group had their professional consciousness of what they thought was best for their students provoked so that their practices would be transformed. In an attempt to draw lessons for other contexts in supporting the implementation of assessment policy reforms through professional development work, we identify and discuss a range of factors in science teachers’ professional development that arise once in situ professional development work has started. Overall, our intent in this article is to recast assessment reform as a driver or pivot in teachers’ professional development and learning. To do this it is necessary, we argue, to afford teachers’ experiences and the processes involved in learning from them greater emphasis in order to ensure the continuance of innovation in the assessment of laboratory-based work.