溯源开来:寻回现代教育丢失的自然之维——《回归突破:“生命·实践”教育学论纲》续研究之二(下编)

本编从民国、新中国两大时段继续探寻教育现代化过程中"自然之维"丧失的关键因素与过程,直至经典自然观的当代新生。其中,民国时期着重分析、揭示中国社会由近代向现代转型过程中,为追求西式工业文明和社会经济发展,提倡与天地斗,将自然当作研究、征服和控制的对象。民国时期学术转型又使整体的自然被分学科的科学分解,整体的人被知识、伦理分解。教育在走向现代化的过程中,疏离了"自然"和"经典自然观"。新中国70年来历经曲折。自20世纪末21世纪初,国家经济实力急速增强,中央提出了新发展观。随着传统文化的复兴,经典自然观逐渐苏醒,重新生根。当代新自然观正在逐渐形成并呈现特质。基于"新自然观"的当代教育改革,需要直面社会新转型,从社会、教育系统内部和学校三个层面,把丢失的自然找回来,成就全局意义上的中国教育由现代向当代的新转型,走向依"教育所是"而行、达"自然而然"之境,开创"教育与自然"内在关联的新阶段。     

Learning through culture: seeking “critical case studies of possibilities” in the history of education

Abstract

In Radical Education and the Common School (2011), Michael Field and Peter Moss argue for a radical alternative to the failed and dysfunctional contemporary discourse about education and the school with its focus on markets, competition, instrumentality, standardisation, and managerialism. They argue that it is necessary, if we are to progress “social alternatives” in education, to construct micro-histories of schools that have developed as “real utopias” through radically revising their practice. They call these micro-histories “critical case studies of possibilities”. In To Hell with Culture (1963), the art educator and anarchist Herbert Read returned to a theme he had been exploring since the early 1930s – the purpose of education. For him, “education” implied many things, but he saw modern practice as “socially disintegrating”. Instead, Read offered an alternative to the dominant discourse about education under capitalism in the 1960s which would create “that collective consciousness which is the spiritual energy of a people and the only source of its art and culture”. To what extent was Read’s conception of education an ideal, a dream unfulfilled? Following Fielding and Moss this paper will seek to trace “critical case studies of possibilities” drawn from the past which reflect the fundamental connection identified by Read between school learning, “collective consciousness”, art, and culture.     

DEALING “COMPETENTLY WITH THE SERIOUS ISSUES OF THE DAY”: HOW DEWEY (AND POPPER) FAILED

In Reconstruction in Philosophy, John Dewey issued an eloquent call for contemporary philosophy to become more relevant to the pressing problems facing society. Historically, the philosophy of a period had been appropriate to social conditions (indeed, this is why it had developed as a discipline), but despite the vast changes in the contemporary world and the complex challenges confronting it philosophy had remained ossified. Karl Popper also was dissatisfied with contemporary philosophy, which he regarded as too often focusing upon “minute” problems. Both Dewey and Popper, however, were optimistic that the situation could be turned around. In this essay D.C. Phillips argues that the resources they mustered give no basis for this optimism; in particular, Phillips emphasizes that philosophy cannot have traction with closed‐minded or fanatical individuals. Dewey passed over cases where his ideas about democratic processes and free intellectual exchange faced intractable difficulties, according to Phillips, and he further suggests that Popper “waffled” over the so‐called “myth of the framework.”     

Individuality beyond the Dichotomy of “Small Self and Big Self” in Contemporary Chinese Education: Lessons from Hu Shi and Liang Shuming

This article identifies the problem that an instrumentalist mode of thinking dominates China’s contemporary education practice and suggests that the dichotomy between the “small self and big self,” a notion that has been present throughout modern Chinese history, exacerbates this instrumentalism. It parallels the loss of China’s tradition of self-cultivation in the modern education system. This paper proposes that cultivating the inner self by releasing talent unique to each individual as well as energy for creatively making meaningful connections with others may represent a new means of moving past the dichotomy of the “small self and big self.” The paper examines this issue through a comparative analysis of Hu Shi and Liang Shuming’s thoughts on individuality.     

我国当代“乡土教育”嬗变的审视与反思

从文化变迁的角度分析了近现代以来我国“乡土教育”赖以存在的社会基础,认为社会结构的改变使宗法制度、家族作为乡土教育的根不复存在,社会的有效治理使得人口繁衍、生存竞争不再过多地依赖故乡和家族的力量,交通和信息技术的发达极大地改变了空间和地域概念,乡土教育在当代的“式微”具有必然性。提出淡化“故乡”的教育意蕴,重构个体和“家庭”“家族”的良性互动,重新审视“家庭”“家族”和现代教育互动的内容和方式,建构大“乡土教育”,从而完成当代乡土教育在概念和意义上转换。     

“五四”功用主义文学观新解

“民主”与“科学”是“五四”新文化运动的两大旗帜。“五四”小说所呈现的科学理性精神、思想方法以及创作观念与西方近代科学有着密切的关联,科学不仅改变了“五四”小说的外部形态,也使得传统的实用文学观披上“科学”的外衣,重新走上了现代小说创作的历史舞台。以往学者往往把实用的文学观摆在客观写实的对立面。事实上,客观写实所蕴含的科学精神本身就含有功用的目的。科学研究精神实际上就是要求作家注重对现实人生问题的“观察”、“分析”和“研究”,使得小说与当下社会存在的问题紧密地联系在一起。科学主义与儒家注重现世的功用文学观融合为一。     

基于“校企室”三方协同的现代学徒制高职高技能人才培养路径的探索与实践

目前现代学徒制模式下,高职高技能人才培养存在着校企双育人主体机制还不健全、教学模式不顺畅、校企课程交融不深入、教学评价体系不完善等系列问题,高职高技能人才培养质量还不能满足社会经济发展要求。对此,文章从学生技术技能培养、综合职业素质养成和社会人才需求的视角出发,重点引入省级技能大师工作室高技能人才培养平台,与学校、联盟企业联合组建“校企室”三方协同的现代学徒制高职高技能人才培养模式,搭建“校企室”三方育人主体的现代学徒育人平台,构建涵盖“通识、岗位、专项”三核心、四阶段的现代学徒制课程体系,创建多维度技术技能训练和实践的“专业实训室+企业现场+大师工作室”三场所构成的现代学徒制实训基地,建立“教、学、做、工、培、训”交替融合的现代学徒制教学实施模式,建立三方育人主体的现代学徒制人才培养标准,以及“柯氏四级评估模型”多元参与、四级评价的现代学徒制人才培养质量评价方法,并在数控技术专业试点,成效显著,为高职院校同类专业开展三方育人现代学徒制人才培养提供参考与借鉴。     

西方哲学近现代转捩的津梁

从近现代西方哲学转捩的视角论证了黑格尔以非凡的思辨气势,构建了内涵丰赡、以“绝对精神”为核心的泛逻辑哲学体系,然而,在其“致广大而尽精微”的思辨哲学体系的逻辑尽头,本当有着至上价值的独立的人却消失在黑格尔所织就的那张“绝对精神”的罗网里,成了一个仅仅具有“工具”意义的“纽结”而已,违背了“人是目的”这一西方近代300多年的人文价值取向。后黑格尔时代,几乎每个跨越时代新思等高线的现代西方哲学大师,都以怀疑和批判黑格尔作为自己的登堂之祭,其中尤以叔本华、马克思为典型代表。黑格尔不期然成为西方哲学从近代渡向现代的特殊津梁。     

齐泽克对商品拜物教的主体意识形态性重构

启蒙运动以来,主体从神圣世界解放出来,逐渐在尘世的世俗世界占据位置,成为现代哲学中一个永不消退的游荡的幽灵。但是,在现代性社会中,主体被异化,主体已经变得犹如“空心人”,令人不安的背离与可怕的自然灾难使主体变得焦虑。哲学家们不知疲倦地重构主体性,齐泽克当然也不放过这个任务。齐泽克从分裂主体入手,嫁接拉康精神分析学,缝合马克思商品拜物教理论,在意识形态的存在论层面作出当代回响。但是,这种拜物教式的主体重构,在现实生活中无法真正重塑主体。     

学习型社会与哈钦斯大学理念——纪念“学习型社会”提出40周年

哈钦斯提出的学习型社会理念已成为当代教育发展和社会进步的基本主题。学习型社会要求形成与之相对应的现代大学理念。在建设学习型社会中。我国大学应明确自身的目标取向。即倡导先进的学习理念。采用团队的学习形态。并与城市互动。建设成为学习型城市的人才高地。才能真正成为未来社会的“学习中心”。     

现代小说中的疾病叙事解读

疾病是人类生命的一个组成部分,它不仅削弱人的身体,还可以摧垮人的意志,使人产生悲观、厌世之情。人类自生命伊始就一直在与疾病对抗,作为一种痛苦的生命体验,疾病自然也成了文学叙事的母题之一。晚清以降,古老的中国封建政体积弊重重、病入膏肓,曾经的中华健儿也被讥讽为"东亚病夫",于是"国衰民弱"成为现代有识之士挥之不去的隐忧。在"五四"启蒙思潮中以"反传统"为主调的现代小说纷纷把"疾病"作为叙事的基本手段,鲁迅笔下的"癞疮疤"、郁达夫书写的"结核病"、老舍小说中的"脏病"、张爱玲都市女性的"精神变态",凡此等等,现代小说的人物画廊可谓是一个"病区群像"。疾病叙事成为现代小说的一种叙事策略和高远旨趣。     

Waist‐High and Knee‐Deep: Humane Learning Beyond Polemics and Precincts

In this essay, Chris Higgins sets out to disentangle the tradition of humane learning from contemporary distinctions and debates. The first section demonstrates how a bloated and incoherent “humanism” now functions primarily as a talisman or a target, that is, as a prompt to choose sides. It closes with the image of Doris Salcedo's Shibboleth, suggesting that humanism is more like the uncertain footing of Salcedo's fissure than the footholds on either side. The second section suggests that this “alien humanism” is hiding in plain sight, requiring us only to read an inch beyond the poster‐ready copy fueling the polemics. Even a cursory glance at the texts from which these epitomes are drawn — from Terence's “Nothing human is foreign to me,” through Shakespeare's “What a piece of work is a man,” to Arnold's “The best of what has been thought and said” — is enough to reconnect us with a tradition stranger and more dynamic than that portrayed by boosters and knockers alike. The third section explores the tensions between the research university and the tradition of humane letters it has come to house, arguing that it will not do to escape this rancor by hiding behind the functionalist, and ultimately circular, term “humanist,” defined as one who does research in the humanities. The final section shows that if this older tradition pulls away, to some extent, from the modern humanities, it simultaneously embraces scientific and professional fields, as demonstrated by the long tradition of the physician‐humanist.     

马克思主义人的本质论与现时代的价值取向

马克思关于“人的本质是一切社会关系的总和”的论断 ,奠定了人的社会价值观的基础 ,同时也指明了我们现时代的价值取向 ,应仍以集体主义作为主旋律 ,才能适应社会主义市场经济的要求。     

“中国制造2025”视域下职业教育研究态势与未来展望——基于2015-2018年CNKI数据库资源统计结果的分析

在中国知网以"主题=‘中国制造2025’并含‘职业教育’"进行搜索,获得该领域在2015-2018年收录的157篇文献样本。利用文献计量学的相关知识和Citespace V软件,根据期刊来源、机构分布、作者分布、关键词共现和聚类等方面对其进行研究。结果显示,该领域的研究3年来不断深化,发文期刊广泛性和集中性并存,职业技术院校是中坚研究力量,研究群体也在不断更新与扩大。衍生出"现代学徒制""智能制造""现代职业教育体系"等研究领域,出现了"校企合作""工匠精神""高技能人才"等研究热点。如何改革职业教育人才培养模式使其培养出高技能人才,以及如何更好地促进制造业与职业教育间的产教融合问题是该领域未来的研究方向。     

How to Manage the Emerging Generational Divide in the Contemporary Knowledge‐Rich Workplace

The manager's dilemmas and options in resolving the emerging latent intergenerational conflict in the contemporary knowledge‐rich workplace is the main topic that has been addressed in this paper. First, we have identified the antecedents leading to the polarization in task requirements between the subcultures of 20+ year‐old and 40+ year‐old employees. Second, we have reviewed the social and environmental factors that contribute to the retained distinctiveness of the “cool” subculture of the 20+ Next Generation employees in the contemporary workplace. Third, we have identified the polarization of the two generational subcultures along the six independent dimensions proposed by Hofstede (1998). Finally, we have recommended a differentiated and integrated method for today's manager to be implemented in managing these two distinct subcultures.     

“Speech”

Critics have charged that the methods of conventional social science should be abandoned because they are inherently positivistic and positivism has been rejected. We argue that, although positivism has been discredited, it has never accurately represented the general practice of conventional social science. We also contend that the “hypothetico‐deductive” account of conventional social science is defective. In its place, we propose a “hypothetico‐constitutive” model.     

从“世界主义”到“民族主义”--对现代中国社会思潮于延安《解放日报》改版前后之媒体显著性初探

现代中国的新闻宣传活动以报纸媒体为主要工具,办报人的思想观念在彼时社会思潮的裹挟下往往能在报到文章中寻得蛛丝马迹。通过从媒体显著性的外部元素来探究现代中国社会思潮在《解放日报》改版前后是否有显著变化,研究发现彼时从世界主义到民族主义的社会思潮变迁,综合体现在报道发生国家、消息来源、议程设置、报道方式、报道立场、社论文风等方面。     

Gender, “Symbolic Domination”, and Female Work: The case of teacher education

In this article I explore the part played by liberal democratic ideology in the regulation of female work, in particular, the work of women teacher educators and contract researchers in British and Canadian teacher education departments. My goal is to examine the relationship between symbolic notions of female domesticity and service as they have been expressed in liberal understandings of the nation state across time, together with accounts of contemporary working life as described by differently positioned women workers in teacher education. Central to the argument I make is the assertion that women's work and its symbolic representation in teacher education constitute powerful symbolic elements in the ongoing regulation of women as non-citizens. In following the work of feminist political theorists and cultural sociologists, I also examine the cultural, material, and social power of historicized visions of the female as “domestic servant”, as daughter of the nation state, and as “deviant non-citizen” as they are reflected in the contemporary working lives of women teacher educators.     

A critique of neo-Hahnian outdoor education theory. Part one: Challenges to the concept of “character building”

Abstract

Within the diverse and sometimes amorphous outdoor education literature, “neo-Hahnian” (NH) approaches to adventure education are exceptional for their persistence, seeming coherence, and wide acceptance. NH approaches assume that adventure experiences “build character”, or, in modern terminology, “develop persons”, “actualise selves”, or have certain therapeutic effects associated with personal traits. In social psychological terms NH thought is “dispositional”, in that it favours explanations of behaviour in terms of consistent personal traits. In this paper I critically review NH OAE in an historical context, and draw on Ross' and Nisbett's (1991) seminal review of dispositional social psychology to argue that OAE programs do not build character, but may provide situations that elicit certain behaviours. For OAE research and theory, belief in the possibility of “character building” must be seen as a source of bias, not as a foundation. The conceptual analysis I develop provides not only a basis for critique, but also offers a way forward for OAE.     

Flashing Your Phone: Sexting and the Remediation of Teen Sexuality

This essay offers an account of “sexting's” cultural value and social uses by examining celebrities' production and distribution of sexual imagery on Twitter. It argues that as a result of technological convergence and the prevalence of social media, teens and celebrities are using “candid” images of their sexuality to remediate themselves in a fashion that generates a specific form of user-generated capital. Ultimately, this perspective is used to argue that the anxiety surrounding high school-age sexters has less to do with teens documenting their sexuality than it does with the ways that new forms of text-based media articulate the libidinal status of teenage sexuality in contemporary culture.