欧洲国家高等教育质量保障中的学生参与政策

在利益相关者治理理论、"多元价值"教育评价思想以及博洛尼亚进程的影响下,英、法、德、意等欧洲国家纷纷出台了有关学生参与高等教育质量保障的政策。通过对学生参与质量保障的权利给予立法保障,吸纳学生参与高等教育管理机构和各级质量保障机构,以及充分发挥学生组织的作用等政策措施,欧洲国家在质量保障中实现学生的全面、充分参与。     

Early impact and outcomes of an institutionally aligned,student focused learning perspective on teaching quality assurance1

This paper describes an evidence‐based quality assurance system for teaching and learning, which takes as its starting point a well‐researched theoretical perspective on student learning in higher education. We argue this explicit use of a relevant theoretical base promotes coherence between quality assurance and improvement processes. We outline the principal features of our university's quality assurance strategy, systems and processes, and describe how the university's teaching quality assurance policy and systems have been implemented. We then consider the extent to which the project has achieved its goals of fostering an evidence‐based approach to teaching consistent with the student learning perspective on which the policy and systems are based. We also present data on student learning experiences showing reliable changes in the quality of the student learning experience. We discuss the applied significance of these changes, with a particular focus on changes in the experiences of commencing first year university students.     

Conscientious Consumerism Project in an Undergraduate Quality Management Class

This article describes a “conscientious consumerism” project that involves the student as the consumer to either commend or complain to a company about a recent product or service experience. This activity and presentation helps students develop an understanding of the commendation/complaint management process within organizations while adding realism with the student as the customer. Students initiate communication with an organization and maintain a timeline of all contacts, calls, e‐mails, letters, and visits to the company as they work to resolve or report their issue. The project begins early in the semester and concludes with a final registered, certified letter to the company CEO where students summarize the class project and praise processes or recommend any needed changes. When the project is presented, students learn how organizations manage and process customer feedback and complaints. Students have insightful comparisons of the implementation and execution of such processes within organizations. The project contributes to student learning and understanding of numerous key objectives of quality management including: how quality is managed in organizations, the strategic focus customer feedback can play in organizations, process management, voice of the customer, and benchmarking best compliment/complaint management practices.     

学生参与：欧洲高等教育质量保障中的新维度

学生参与高等教育质量保障是近年来欧洲高等教育政策所强调的一个重要方面.学生能否参与、在多大程度上参与,从根本上说涉及对高等学校教学活动中师生关系的认识.20世纪90年代以来,关于学生参与的理论先后有学生"顾客"论、学术共同体论和利益相关者论等.博洛尼亚进程对于学生参与高等教育质量保障不仅有明确的政策倡导,而且有具体的监测指标.从执行情况看,相关政策还存在有待完善的空间.尽管如此,从博洛尼亚进程对学生参与质量保障的重视程度可以看出,在当前欧洲高等教育的改革与发展过程中,学生这一利益群体越来越受到重视.     

Strengthening internal quality assurance processes: facilitating student evaluation committees to contribute

Student evaluation committees play a crucial role in internal quality assurance processes as representatives of the student body. However, the students on these committees sometimes experience difficulty in providing constructive and structured feedback to faculty in an environment characterised by a strong power differential between student and staff. This study aimed to evaluate a leadership and quality assurance training implemented for students involved in internal quality assurance. Furthermore, we explored how students give shape to their internal quality assurance role. Students from three health sciences programmes participated in a mixed methods study to evaluate the training and reflect on their internal quality assurance role. Overall, the students were very enthusiastic about the training. Qualitative data analysis indicated that in their internal quality assurance role, students: (1) harnessed the power of the entire student population; (2) tried to create focus and take charge; (3) searched for a common ground with staff, and (4) they explained how they dealt with the power differential. Providing training for students with internal quality assurance roles is a valuable endeavour. Future research needs to investigate further ways to help students to contribute to internal quality assurance processes in higher education.     

The management of quality in the University of Ulster

The setting of standards for teaching is identified as central to any system of quality assurance for teaching and learning. The paper describes a number of initiatives which have been taken at the University of Ulster to identify and develop quality in teaching. They include a project to identify teaching skills through consultation with expert teachers; the use of quality circles of staff and students to specify standards for teaching; the use of student feedback on teaching; the introduction of a distinguished teaching award; the assessment of teaching competence when staff are selected; the introduction of a unit-based in-service teacher training course; and the encouragement of self and peer evaluation using an appraisal schedule. Quality assurance for support services is considered and finally the University's initiatives are related to total quality management and BS 5750.     

The emergence of contesting motives for student feedback-based evaluation in Australian higher education

Student feedback-based evaluation performs a significant social role in framing perceptions of the quality of teaching in contemporary Australian higher education. Yet its emergence is a relatively recent phenomenon, having only been in widespread application since the mid-1980s. The early manifestations of student feedback-based evaluation came with newly emerging academic development units with a motive to enhance the quality of local teaching and to afford student retention. However, new motives for assailing student feedback evolved with the rapid growth in student numbers, the introduction of student fees and heightened levels of inter-institutional competition for students. As a result, student feedback-based evaluation progressively became also a powerful proxy measure of teaching and curricula quality assurance at an individual, institutional and sectoral level [Blackmore, J. (2009). Academic pedagogies, quality logics and performative universities: Evaluating teaching and what students want. Studies in Higher Education, 34(8), 857–872. doi:10.1080/03075070902898664]. This generated critical tensions between the seminal motive of student feedback around quality improvement, and the rising quality assurances discourses, academic performance management demands and institutional marketing. In this paper, the complex social origins of these competing motives for student feedback-based evaluation in Australian higher education will be explored and analysed. It is argued this provides an important means of understanding the polarising effects of student feedback-based evaluation in Australian universities.     

麻醉学硕士研究生人才培养模式探讨

麻醉学硕士研究生人材培养是较新的课题.从分析生源开始,因材施教,将麻醉学研究生培养目标定位于临床与科研复合型人材,从人文素质教育、临床能力、科研能力全方位进行培养,并在培养过程中做好管控与服务,以期培养高素质的临床型麻醉学研究生,满足麻醉临床工作的需要.     

Validation of Student Generated Data for Assessment of Groundwater Quality

As part of a research project to evaluate the effects of sand and gravel mining on water quality, students were trained to analyze their own drinking water for simple quality indicators. Indicators analyzed were pH, conductivity, hardness, nitrate, chloride, and dissolved iron. Approximately 523 analyses were completed by students between 2006 and 2010. A total of 208 sample splits were analyzed in a laboratory to evaluate student accuracy and precision for pH, hardness, chloride, and nitrate. Overall students produced very good quality data for pH and conductivity. Hardness, chloride, and nitrate, all of which were quantified using titrations, were less precise and accurate than laboratory samples. The student results overall were useful with the limits of method uncertainties. As an experiment to teach students about water quality the results are very good. Validation of results for use in additional research indicates that additional quality control or new methods will be needed to improve the accuracy of student analyses.     

Project‐Based Learning Involving Sensory Panelists Improves Student Learning Outcomes

Project‐based, collaborative learning is an effective teaching method when compared to traditional cognitive learning. The purpose of this study was to assess student learning after the completion of a final meal project that involved a group of sensory panelists. A paper survey was conducted among 73 senior nutrition and dietetics students enrolling in Experimental Food Science, Spring 2013 and 2014. The survey comprised of qualitative and quantitative questions about students’ perceived learning outcomes. The project required students to prepare a 4‐course meal in 90 min, in groups of 4. Eighteen sensory panelists consisting of faculty and graduate students from the Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management Department and administrative staff from the college evaluated the foods, asked students several food science‐related questions, and completed a survey about their involvement in the project. Students reported that this project reinforced class material (4.7 ± 0.6), and was enjoyable (4.6 ± 0.6) yet challenging (4.4 ± 0.7); numerous skills were developed, including team‐building (4.7 ± 0.5), food preparation (4.6 ± 0.5), and time management (4.4 ± 0.5). Students perceived that the involvement of sensory panelists was beneficial in terms of providing constructive feedback for improvement and motivating them to prepare high‐quality foods. It also prepared them for serving foods to individuals from different cultural backgrounds. However, some students found the experience stressful. For the sensory panelists, the project helped them to venture out of their areas of expertise. In conclusion, a meal project involving sensory panelists can result in positive learning outcomes.     

Closing the loop on student feedback: the case of Australian and Scottish universities

Universities have a long history of collecting student feedback using surveys and other mechanisms. The last decade has witnessed a significant shift in how student feedback is systematically collected, analysed, reported, and used by governments and institutions. This shift is due to a number of factors, including changes in government policy related to quality assurance, and the increased use of the results by various stakeholders such as governments, institutions, and potential students and employers. The collection, analysis, and reporting of results are systematically carried out in many institutions worldwide. However, how to use student feedback to effectively improve student learning experience remains an issue to be addressed. This paper will contribute to this debate by comparing how Australian and Scottish universities use student feedback results to inform improvements. Based on thematic analysis of external quality audit reports of all Australian and Scottish universities, this paper suggests that universities have systematic processes to collect student feedback using a range of mechanisms, but limited work is done to use the data to inform improvements. This paper argues the need for universities to genuinely listen to student voice by facilitating partnership between students and institutions to act on their feedback as part of quality assurance.     

First Middle School,Affiliated with East China Normal University,Tries Multi-Unit Foreign Language Classes

In recent years the First Middle School, affiliated with East China Normal University, has encountered a series of difficult problems in its attempts to: (1) emphasize quality instead of quantity, and (2) encourage student initiative. First, it was faced with the problem of how to teach foreign languages in a manner consistent with the academic level of the students. In every grade, some students were far advanced while others lagged behind in foreign language studies. The gap was particularly pronounced in higher grades. When teaching on the level of the advanced students, the teacher found that those who were less adept fell even further behind and eventually discontinued their language studies. Conversely, if the teacher chose the latter group as the standard, the former group soon became bored. Should the teacher decide that the middle group set the pace, students at either end of this range were dissatisfied: the advanced students had too little challenge, and the slower members of the class could not cope with the assignments. To combat this situation and to improve foreign language teaching, the First Middle School inaugurated a multi-unit class or "composite" method after the summer of 1964. Five classes in the senior middle school were chosen to participate in this test project.     

Student feedback channels in Erasmus Mundus Joint Master Degrees: insights for international joint programmes

This article explores the status of student feedback channels and the role of student representatives in the quality assurance and enhancement of Erasmus Mundus Joint Master Degree (EMJMD) programmes. It provides an analysis of 1941 open-ended survey responses, covering 87 EMJMD programmes and involving respondents of 129 nationalities. The findings indicate that students and alumni feel that they should be involved in shaping key aspects of their programmes. The results suggest that organisational culture, national policies and regulations bear little relevance to students, as their needs transcend borders and contexts. The study suggests that further harmonisation in internal quality assurance processes would be welcomed by students as they recognise good practice in eliciting student feedback. The empirical findings can be useful in providing policy makers and researchers with a snapshot of prevailing issues in student engagement in quality assurance in the context of international joint programmes.     

高校女生实施体育选项课后的学习状态分析与对策

以浙江省部分高校一、二年级女生为研究对象,运用问卷调查、数理统计分析等研究方法,对高校实施体育选项课后,女生参与体育课学习的状态进行调查和分析.结果表明高校女生有"厌学"状态的依然占相当高的比例,分析了造成高校女生体育课"厌学"的原因,提出了消除高校女生体育课"厌学"的对策.     

学会欣赏一棵树——班主任对“问题学生”的教育转化策略探析

随着学生步入中学阶段,无论是心理还是生理上都发生了一系列的巨变,接踵而来的是各种各样的问题行为。所谓“问题学生”是指习惯不良、心理有缺陷或品行有障碍的学生,“问题学生”的教育转化工作也是整个班级工作的重点和难点。“问题学生”的转化工作做得好与否,直接影响着整个班级教育教学质量的提高,关系到班级的全局工作。     

Meeting the Capstone Challenge in Postgraduate Food Science Education

Project work and work placements can help prepare tertiary food science students for the workplace. Programs in the curriculum should support the development of transferable skills such as communication, problem‐solving, and planning. This paper describes a case study of a new capstone project for Masters of Food Science students based on a work integrated learning model. Students were engaged to develop a HACCP plan for a cheesemaker. They interacted with a peer group, academics, and with professionals from the food industry. Two iterations of the project were completed. Staff and student feedback from the first iteration informed modifications in the subsequent iteration. Industry partners and an authentic work task were key components of the project. The model could apply to a broad range of programs that require a capstone project in the curriculum.     

"纵横双向"网格化博士生培养质量保障体系探究与实施——以天津大学药物科学与技术学院为例

天津大学药学院积极响应学校作为教育部博士生教育综合改革试点历史性要求,建立"纵向+横向"系统网格化质量保障体系.学生入校始,即"纵向"为每位博士生建立个人培养学术档案,将入学至毕业的各个环节进行跟踪;此外"横向"将所有博士生培养过程进行汇总,掌握整体情况,同时也可将某位博士生的进展情况在院内进行较为精准的定位,以确定继续扶持以取得更好的成绩,或者启动预警机制.该方法既实现了博士生培养过程的个性化管理,又能帮助导师和学院及时掌握每位学生的学业动态,为院级单位博士生培养质量管理提供有力支持.     

对定向运动提高中学生体质健康水平及发展对策研究

定向运动是一项非常健康的智慧型体育运动项目,是集智力与体力并重的运动,是一项融技术性、趣味性、竞争性为一体的新型体育运动项目。根据《新课程标准》提出学校体育要树立"健康第一"的指导思想,体现以人为本、以学生为教学的主体思想,针对学生体能素质指标近十年来持续下降状况,我们将定向运动与我校的实际情况相结合,于2008年起尝试让定向运动进入我校课堂。实践证明了我校在开设定向运动课程后,学生的体能、兴趣爱好、智力的一体化发展,把该运动在中山市东升初级中学长期有效地开展,必将取得很好的效果。     

The Grade W: Why Students Drop Their Classes

Abstract

This study reports reasons given by community college students as to why they drop their classes and totally withdraw from college. In addition, the report gives findings as to whether or not students have a propensity for adding another class after they drop a class, and relates students' reasons for dropping a class to several student characteristics. Analysis of the data reveals that a majority of students drop classes for reasons not related to the college's instructional program.     

Expanding horizons: Encouraging cross‐campus student collaboration to develop a novel food product for individuals experiencing dysphagia

At the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (UIUC), cross‐campus collaborations are strongly encouraged; however, due to the vast size of the university, opportunities for student collaboration commonly rely on serendipitous events—being at the right place at the right time. On a cold day in February 2017, the required serendipity befell Clarion Mendes (Speech and Hearing Sciences [SHS]) and Dawn Bohn (Food Science and Human Nutrition [FSHN] concentration Food Science [FS]). The SHS department is part of the College of Applied Health Sciences and the FS department is part of the College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences. SHS graduate students in Speech–Language Pathology pursue careers in schools, hospitals, and other healthcare facilities. FS undergraduate and graduate students often pursue careers in food product development, quality assurance, sensory science, ingredient applications, and regulatory compliance. Seemingly, these two fields are contextually discrete (and geographically quite separated at UIUC). Nevertheless, through Clarion's vision and Dawn's enthusiasm, the two initiated an important student collaboration between two initially isolated, but forever connected, fields. How did professors from two very different fields determine that their students could make excellent collaborators? It all began with a well‐loved, neon–orange snack food—Cheetos^®.