起跑技术对提高短跑成绩的影响

短跑成绩受到多方面因素的影响,其中起跑技术绝对是其中不可忽视的一环。起跑技术的好坏对运动员的最终成绩有着直接的影响,因此短跑项目训练中就要注重起跑技术的训练,达到最佳起跑效果。     

短跑运动员的起跑技术及其训练研究

近几年来,我们国家的短跑比赛竞争越来越激烈,短跑运动员的技术水平也在不断提高,提高短跑运动员的起跑技术,帮助他们在最短的时间内发挥出人的速度极限,为后续的加速跑创造有利条件,促使他们可以在训练和竞赛中取得事半功倍的效果,这是短跑技术发展的趋势。     

蹲踞式起跑对短跑成绩的作用

除了其它特点外，蹲踞式起跑也是短跑的一个特点。一百多年前，在雅典首届现代奥运会(1896年)上，美国选手布尔克率先采用蹲踞式起跑(1992年，乌明格尔)。由于布尔克后来赢了比赛，蹲踞式起跑成了众人仿效的方式。该届奥运会后，运动场上出现了许许多多的蹲踞式起跑模仿者，因为他们都已经清楚地认识到采用蹲踞式起跑对于起跑加速度的好处，而且起跑动作越来越完美(有各种各样的起跑姿势和后蹬方法)。     

对我国短跑运动员起跑反应速度的研究

对参加第8届全运会短跑运动员的起跑反应速度进行了研究,发现我国男、女短跑运动员起跑反应速度基本处于同一水平,从事不同专项运动员的反应速度存在显著差异,男运动员各赛次间反应时无显著差异。女运动员在部分项目赛次间反应速度有显著差异。男、女运动员反应速度都呈后一赛次快于前一赛次的趋势。     

残疾人短跑运动员起跑特殊性研究

采用文献资料法、观察法和调查访问等方法对残疾人运动员在短跑起跑中的特殊性进行了深入的分析研究。认为现行短跑起跑规则和发令操作方式对部分残疾组别的运动员存在不公平现象。进而提出规则的制定应符合残疾人身体特点、提高裁判工作特殊技能、为聋人组T60级设计较科学的起跑发令装置等建议。     

对蹲踞式起跑技术的一点探索

当今,短跑成绩已经提高到一个较高的层 次,在运动员的步频与步幅达到一定限度的情况下,提高速度已变得相当困难。于是重新研究改进蹲踞式起跑技术具有重要意义。 传统观点认为,听到枪声后“两手迅速推离地面,两臂屈肘做有力的前后摆动,同时两腿迅速蹬起跑器”,（《田径》人民体育出版社）。笔者在训练中发现,学生对两手迅速推离地面理解不准确,对成绩造成负影响。我们认为,听到枪声后“两手迅速推离地面”这个技术动作是多余的,而“直接蹬离起跑器,顺势屈肘抬臂做有力的前后摆动”会更有利于缩短起动时间,为加速跑创造条件。为…     

对短跑技术中蹲距式起跑组织教学法的研究

蹲距式起跑是短跑教学中的重要一环,本文通过对蹲距式起跑重点、难点的分析,并对其技术特点,采用不同的教学手段,合理安排教学,使同学们尽快熟悉、掌握蹲距式起跑技术。     

对提高短跑起跑反应速度的探讨

起跑是短跑的一个重要阶段,为其后三个阶段的正常发挥和提高成绩奠定了心理基础运用献资料、实验对比及数理统计方法,从心理学、生理学角度对起跑反应速度进行探讨,旨在认识决定起跑反应速度的内在机制,为进一步提高运动员反应时提供借鉴。     

三条线在短跑起跑教学中的运用

在短跑教学中,起跑是最主要的内容之一。它有一定的难度,特别是对中小学生来说,不容易掌握。良好的起跑可为起跑后的加速跑创造有利的条件。下面介绍一种简便易行,很容易就能掌握起跑姿势的“三线式”起跑教学方法,以供参考。 一、三条线的画法 a.起跑线。b.距起跑线一脚半距离画一条平行线;c.距起跑线三脚的距离再画一条平行线;在b、c两条线上分别标上横向距离为15厘米的两个点。     

短跑技术专门练习的方法创新

现代短跑技术要求动作放松，大步幅、高重心、快频率和向前性好。对与之配套的专门练习，必须克服传统技术专门练习的弊病，改革传统练习方法，引入现代练习手段，同时要注重专门练习与完整动作相结合。     

短跑全程技术变化的内在原因浅析

短跑的起跑、加速跑、途中跑技术是相互关联、相互依赖的有机连续体。对短跑各阶段技术的生物力学图片进行数据处理和分析，从生物力学、解剖学、能量利用等方面，对短跑全程技术连续变化的内部机理进行阐述，以供教学和训练参考。     

短跑技术中支撑与摆动的辨证关系

在查阅歇资料和调查访问的基础上，经过理论研究和实践论证后认为，人体水平加速的原动力是摇动腿的折叠前摆与支撑腿的快速伸髋在时空上的巧妙配合；支撑和摆动相互作用，相互影响，二在短跑的不同阶段所起的作用大小不同；提高摆动的速度和幅度是提高跑速的决定因素。     

现代短跑摆腿技术的分析及训练手段设计

通过对现代短跑技术的再认识，从运动的统一体特征、运动力学和运动生理学角度分析现代短跑的摆腿技术，论述了摆腿技术是提高跑速的主要因素之一，并设计了摆腿技术的训练手段与方法。     

Kinematic differences between front crawl sprint and distance swimmers at a distance pace

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to determine whether there are differences in kinematics between sprint and distance front crawl specialists when swimming at a distance pace using a six beat kick. Seven sprint and eight distance male specialists performed one maximum 400 m swim through a 6.75 m³ calibrated space recorded by six gen-locked cameras. The following variables were calculated: average swim velocity, stroke length, stroke frequency, upper limb and foot displacement, elbow angle, the shoulder and hip roll angle, duration of the stroke phases and time corresponding to particular events within the stroke cycle relative to hand entry. Differences between the groups were assessed by an independent t-test and effect size (d) calculations for each variable. The groups only differed significantly with respect to the average swim velocity, with the distance swimmers maintaining a greater velocity throughout the 400 m. However, effect sizes were moderate for elbow angle range during the pull phase (d = 0.78) and the total hip roll magnitude (d = 0.76). There was little evidence to suggest that sprint and distance swimmers using a six beat kick pattern differ in technique when swimming at a distance pace and therefore coaches should not encourage the development of different techniques between these groups.     

摆臂技术与短跑成绩的关系

运动员摆臂技术的好坏直接影响着步频步幅以及后蹬力量的大小，同时还影响到身体获得向前的水平速度及身体的协调用力。结合训练实践，运用动力学知识，从摆臂技术与短跑的内在联系入手，阐明了摆臂技术与短跑成绩的关系。     

New curve sprint test for soccer players: Reliability and relationship with linear sprint

ABSTRACT

The speed performance is involved not only in linear sprints, but also in a wide spectrum of multi-directional movements, such as curve sprinting. Curved sprint can be defined as sprint with gradual and continuous change of direction (COD). Although ~85% of the actions performed at maximum velocity in a professional soccer league are curvilinear sprints, there is not any specific test to assess this ability. This study aimed to analyse the reliability of a new curve sprint test, and compare its results with those obtained by soccer players in linear sprint. Forty experienced soccer players performed 3 attempts of curve sprint (using the penalty arc) to right and left side (17 m), and 3 linear sprints (17 m) in two different days. The ICCs (inter-session reliability) were 0.93 for sprint curve right side (CSRS) and 0.89 for sprint curve left side (CSLS), considered “acceptable”. The CVs (intra-session reliability) were 0.87% in CSRS and 1.15% in CSLS. The coefficient of determination (R²) between linear and curve sprinting was ~35%. The association between curve sides was “very large” (r = 0.878; p < 0.01). In summary, we showed that “curve sprint test” is highly reliable, and that curvilinear and linear sprints are different and independent actions.     

The effect of heavy resistance exercise on repeated sprint performance in youth athletes

This investigation assessed whether prior heavy resistance exercise would improve the repeated sprint performance of 16 trained youth soccer players (Age 17.05 ± 0.65 years; height 182.6 ± 8.9 cm; body mass 77.8 ± 8.2 kg). In session 1, individual 1 repetition max was measured utilising a squat movement. In sessions 2 and 3, participants performed a running-based repeated anaerobic sprint test with and without prior heavy resistance exercise of 91% of their 1 repetition max. Times were recorded for each of the 6 sprints performed in the repeated sprint test and summed to provide total time. T-tests compared the two exercise conditions via differences in corresponding sprint times and total time. Analysis revealed significantly reduced total time with use of heavy resistance exercise (33.48 (±1.27) vs. 33.59 (±1.27); P = 0.01). Sprints 1 (P = 0.05) and 2 (P = 0.02) were also faster in the heavy resistance exercise condition (5.09 (±0.16) vs. 5.11 (±0.16) and 5.36 (±0.24) vs. 5.45 (±0.26) seconds respectively) although no other differences were shown. Findings demonstrate improved sprint times of trained adolescent soccer players after heavy resistance exercise although benefits appear not as sustained as in adult participants.     

关于短跑速度障碍问题的探讨

根据速度障碍定义．分析了产生速度障碍的生理、技术、专项素质、力量、训练科学性、放松能力、柔韧性和关节的灵活性等七个方面的原因，阐述了防止和克服速度障碍的措施以及变破速度障碍的训练方法。     

短跑教学与训练的新理念

确立了现代短跑技术新的训练理念,指出了我国短跑运动员与世界优秀运动员的技术差距所在,提出了在平时训练中应转变训练观念,重视送髋训练与力量训练,优先发展绝对速度,加强心理训练.