情境主义与计算主义难题的解决 读《计算主义及其理论难题研究》

《计算主义及其理论难题研究》引发了关于计算主义纲领在认知科学哲学研究中的再思考。认知的计算主义纲领可以表现为本体论、认识论与方法论等三个维度。该书将计算主义面临的难题归结为形式系统的意义获取问题,这一策略对计算主义的辩护是有效的,但关于形式系统产生意义的方案还可以尝试一种情境主义的补充。形式系统意义获取上的情境主义思想在认知理解和认知实现等方面也面临挑战。     

论齐曼的自然主义科学观

齐曼认为科学学研究应该采取一种自然主义的立场。他将整体主义方法论作为自然主义立场的一个突出的优势。主张在整体论的基础上,运用进化论的、动态的、多维度、多学科的视角对科学进行描述和刻画,以期完整而真实地理解科学。齐曼的这一自然主义的路线为科学学研究提供了新的启示。     

亨佩尔确证逻辑探析

亨佩尔事例确证理论对科学确证作了看似符合直观的纯语法的逻辑阐释,但这种阐释面临着确证悖论、事例确证悖论及与其他符合直观的确证观念不相容等诸多难题。这些难题有亨佩尔论证上的逻辑根源,但更深层次的原因是其理论评价上的演绎主义诉求。良好确证理论应该在语用的认知视域下寻求,应该在理论的真理性、信息丰度和解释力三者之间保持某种动态平衡。     

新证据法学背景下司法证明的不同进路

威格莫尔对"司法证明科学"的阐释开创了新证据法学的研究先河.在新证据法学的研究背景下,围绕着概率论在法庭中的应用引发了"贝叶斯狂热主义"和"贝叶斯怀疑主义"之争.贝叶斯主义的局限性已成为学界共识,并且无论是以贝叶斯主义为典型代表的帕斯卡主义,还是以常识性推理为基础的培根主义,对于司法证明均采取原子主义的进路.雷歇尔提出似真推理理论,不仅揭示了和传统盖然性理论的不同之处,而且为整体主义的司法证明立场提供了理论支撑.     

尼尔·波兹曼论技治主义

波兹曼对技治主义的评论非常具有典型性。他分析技治主义在当代社会的危害,指出当代技术与官僚主义紧密结合在一起,批评社会科学是技术统治工具和伪科学,提出以技术无神论应对技治主义的问题。波兹曼的分析是基于人文主义立场的,对于技治主义者和当代社会是必要的警醒,但用人文知识分子的精英主义反对科学技术专家的精英主义,忽视了技治主义进步的一面。     

准实在论的真理难题

准实在论采取投射主义、表达主义的反实在论立场,同时又辩护对按投射主义理解的判断作出真假评价的权利,而解释真理概念成为这个任务的逻辑基础。准实在论提出过语义学解释、语用学解释和语源学解释三种解释,不仅没有给出准确的真理意义,而且导致了诸多问题。准实在论的真理难题启示我们,真理词项的处理要区分日常领域与各专业领域;对于具有客观性内涵的真理概念,应采取实在论去理解它所评价的判断。     

没有数的科学——论菲尔德虚构主义对数学真理困境的求解

为了从根本上化解数学真理困境中提出的认识论难题,菲尔德提出了＂没有数的科学＂这一虚构主义求解进路。文章首先阐释该进路的主要动机及其应对数学真理困境的基本策略,继而分析其本质缺陷,指出菲尔德对科学所持的实体实在论态度与其数学反实在论的立场从根本上割裂了数学与科学的整体性,回避了数学真理困境的本质问题,文章最后探讨他对实在论在认识论解释上的进一步挑战及其对求解困境所带来的启示。     

罗纳德·吉尔的科学视角主义

罗纳德·吉尔将视角主义应用于解释科学现象,他将科学观察和理论模型都看成是视角的,并形成了对科学知识的视角主义解释。在他看来,科学家认识世界,观察工具和理论模型,都不是完全透明的,即都不是对世界的直接记录和陈述,透过它们,科学家获得的是关于世界的局部的、有限度的知识,而非与世界本身相符的客观真理。吉尔挑战了关于科学知识的两级解释即客观实在论和建构主义,他的科学视角主义,实际上选择了一种较为温和的中间立场。     

相对论的兴起与哲学思潮的转变

康德哲学的任务是要解决认识如何成为可能的问题,采用的是纯粹理性的先验批判立场,他的使命就是为牛顿力学的合理性进行哲学辩护;马赫完全立足于感觉经验的基本要素,试图解决感觉如何形成认识的问题,采用的是反对形而上学玄想的经验批判立场,并对牛顿的绝对时空观进行了深入批判。彭加勒把数学中的递归论证看作是康德的先验综合判断,用约定主义取代康德的先验批判。他们都影响了爱因斯坦的早期哲学,并塑造了逻辑经验主义的基本立场。随着广义相对论的建立,爱因斯坦充分认识到数学在理论建构中的作用,转向斯宾诺莎的唯理论。     

维特根斯坦论理解与规则

维特根斯坦论理解与规则戚本芬维特根斯坦的理解与规则理论对于当代西方哲学，包括科学认识论和方法论，有重要的影响。库恩和他以后的科学哲学，美国新实用主义和后现代主义都是以维特根斯坦后期关于意义和理解的理论为出发点的；各种反实在论。反基础主义、工具主义和方...     

帕斯卡在数学方面的贡献

帕斯卡是一位高水平的数学天才,他对17世纪几个发展迅速的数学领域如射影几何、概率论、微积分等做出了重要的贡献.因此他可以说是17世纪的杰出科学家之一,在世界数学史上占有重要地位.本文对帕斯卡及其在数学方面的成就进行了介绍.     

Hugo de Vries on heredity, 1889-1903. Statistics, Mendelian laws, pangenes, mutations.

The essay describes the development of Hugo de Vries's thinking on heredity from the publication of his Intracellulare Pangenesis in 1889 to the publication of Die Mutations-theorie, Volume 2, in 1903. De Vries's work in the 1890s can be characterized as an attempt to defend his theory of pangenes, especially the fundamental and controversial idea that different characters have different material hereditary carriers. Hybridization experiments served his goal. Recently discovered research notes on hybridization from 1896 suggest that, though he was unaware of Mendel's work, De Vries used the laws of dominance and recessiveness, segregation, and independent assortment to explain the 75:25 ratio in the second generation. He had discovered these laws by applying insights from probability theory to his research. In Die Mutationstheorie De Vries combined central concepts of intracellular pangenesis and his mutation theory by modifying the meanings of important terms and introducing new states of pangenes. In his attempts to describe Mendelian crossings in terms of pangenes and mutations, he became entangled in a number of contradictions. Some of his remarks suggest that he was aware that the Mendelian laws and his own theories of pangenes and mutations could not be made consistent.     

Darlington and the 'invention' of the chromosome

Cyril Dean Darlington (1903-1981) has been forgotten by historians, but was in his day, the leading cytologist of the premolecular era. Of humble and inconspicuous beginnings, Darlington started his career as an unpaid volunteer worker under the aging William Bateson. Working in almost total isolation and with no scientific guidance, he boldly deduced the laws of chromosome behaviour, making cytology relevant once again both to genetics and to evolutionary theory. This process did not proceed smoothly, for both Darlington's method, and cross-disciplinary approach made the reception of his novel ideas difficult. This article examines Darlington's contribution to the premolecular understanding of Life, and the reasons why it was so difficult to accept.     

James Keir (1735–1820)

James Keir, the 250th anniversary of whose birth falls this year, was very typical of the leading natural philosophers of his day. A member of the well-known Lunar Society of Birmingham he was not only very familiar with the theoretical chemistry of his time — though his reputation suffered because he clung to the phlogiston theory long after it had been exploded by Lavoisier — but was also a successful manufacturing chemist. Additionally he had wide literary interests and was active in the Whig politics of his day and a supporter of Joseph Priestley.     

关节动画在影视教学中模拟摇臂摄像机的研究

在影视教学中,摇臂摄像机作为摄像机的重要种类需要重点讲解,而在实际操作中难以实践和理解,关节动画能够较好地解决一般机械传递系统的运动演示问题,模拟运动的传递关系。介绍了关节动画的概念及其基本内容,并以摇臂摄像机的演示动画的制作为例,充分利用关节动画的逆向动力学原理进行模拟研究。     

有效教学反馈——教学评价的范式转移

评价分为形成性评价和总结性评价两种.以反馈为核心的形成性评价标志着学习结果检测方式的改变,是测评文化的范式转移.有效的反馈有益教学双方,使学生能看到差距并改进学习,教师也能及时掌握学生学习效果、调整教学计划、改进方法,从而提高教学质量.教师在教学中如何给出有效的反馈,以及如何帮助学生正确面对和接受反馈,对教学效果起着重要的作用.     

对波特竞争战略理论的理性反思及其启示

波特的竞争战略理论产生于结构化的市场环境，以哈佛学派的S-C-P分析范式作为理论支撑。他对战略理论的不朽贡献主要包括：将经济学理论引入战略研究领域；提出了一系列战略制定的分析技巧和工具；既重视提出问题又重视解决问题。但是，波特的理论也有很多缺陷：他赖以分析的理论假设与企业所处的实际环境缺乏一致性；用以分析行业吸引力的“五力模型”过于简单化；通用战略在逻辑上缺乏严密性；把企业视为“黑箱”并认为行业内的企业具有同质性；片面强调企业竞争优势的外生性等。     

The creation of prehistoric man. Aimé Rutot and the Eolith controversy, 1900-1920

Although he died in obscurity, the Belgian museum conservator Aimé Rutot (1847-1933) was one of the most famous European archaeologists between 1900 and 1920. The focus of his scientific interest was stone flints, which he claimed to be the oldest known human tools, so-called eoliths. Skeptics maintained that the flints showed no marks of human workmanship, but Rutot nevertheless managed to spread his "Eolithic theory" in an important part of the scientific community. This essay demonstrates how material objects--series of stone flints and sets of statues that purported to reconstruct prehistoric "races"--were given scientific meaning by Rutot. Rutot diffused his ideas by disseminating his stones and statues, thus enlarging his networks of influence. For a time he managed to be at the material center of a trade network as well as at the intellectual center of archaeological debate. The essay shows how Rutot achieved this status and how he eventually fell from favor among serious scientists.     

Rob Kling In Search of One Good Theory

Rob Kling's legacy is a corpus of work that exemplifies the craft of inquiry and the social enterprise of science. This article examines his contribution to social informatics through an analysis of the multiple theories, methods, and sources of evidence he relied on to make his arguments about the social life of computing and the consequences of computerization. His citation identity demonstrates that he transcended disciplinary boundaries but grounded his analysis of the political and social order in interpretive theory and critique. Kling created a working vocabulary for theorizing about computerization and social life. His sustained inquiry and critique, a very public record of his work, enthusiasm, and charisma, contributed to the penetration of his ideas and the fostering of a world-wide community of interest for a domain of study called social informatics.     

达尔文与基督教世界的沟通他的跨洋策略

在达尔文出生的那个年代,没有人会接受关于进化和人类起源的自然主义学说,他在那个时代分享了他关于自然、上帝以及历史的观念。在“贝格尔号”航行之后,他提出的“生命始于同一祖先”理论如何能令人信服,是他面临的巨大挑战。自从达尔文开始进化论的研究之后,他对“我的理论”的推广并非一定意在反驳宗教教义,而是作为宗教和科学的进步。达尔文深信的一条教义,就是人类具有共同祖先或者说所有种族皆兄弟——这可作为废除黑奴制度的一个理论根据。英国已于1838年废除了奴隶制,世界的目光于是转向美国——该国奴隶制正如火如荼,并得到一种支持奴隶制、主张人种多元的新特创论的支持。达尔文的跨洋策略自19世纪50年代开始便深深影响着美国反奴隶制的精英博物学家,他们对共同祖先理论的支持将被用来颠覆这一人种多元特创论——比用《圣经》中那不足凭信的人种同一论更为有效。因此,他的理论可作为道德和科学领域的进步而引起美国基督教世界废奴主义者的兴趣。然而,该策略却从未完全发挥自身所有的潜力,这使特创论在20世纪萌生了新的形式。