先前学习评价：国际发展的经验与分析

先前学习评价是对成人非正式学习所获得的知识、技能或能力加以测评、认可并授予相关证明的一种评价方式。从美国、英国、加拿大、法国和澳大利亚的先前学习评价实践来看,先前学习评价为推动与实现终身学习提供了具体途径,对个体职业发展产生了重要影响,促进了高等教育机构办学的转变,促进了国际范围的人才流动。这些国际经验对我国开展先前学习评价的实践意义是：提供了质量保证措施,包括政策、实施机构、实施流程与范围、评价标准、实施团队和模式经验等。这都对我国学分银行建设、学习成果认证制度建立、非正式学习成果识别和学分转换等方面的政策制定者、研究者以及在操作性层面上予以实施的践行者等提供重要的参考。     

非正式学习成果认定的研究与实践

在倡导终身学习、学分银行建设的现实背景下,非正式学习成果认定的理论与实践越来越成为国内外学者关注的焦点。本文通过梳理当前研究和相关案例发现,对在职成人在工作中、生活中获得的这些技能与能力等不同类型的非正式学习成果认定时,需要一种科学且可操作的评价方式能够评价与认可在职成人的学习。本文给出了非正式学习成果认定的四个基本判断,并提出先前学习认定作为对个体先前学习和经验认可的一种具体方法和实施策略,在具体实施中需要注意的四个重要问题。本文旨在通过讨论在职成人非正式学习成果认定的研究和实践,为学习成果认证和学分银行建设提供一种思路,为推进成人学历教育和非学历教育相融合提供一种途径。     

加拿大汤姆逊大学先前学习评价实践对我国学分银行建设的启示

社会的发展使得教育和学习逐渐突破学校教育的框架,渗透到人类生活的各种场景与各个阶段。如何从教育评价与测量的角度,将这些教育和学习进行规范化的评价与认证,从而进一步促进人们不断地投入到更加深入的学习中,以实现终生学习。而先前学习评价的广泛应用与快速,逐渐被认为是解决上述问题的有效途径。先前学习评价能够将成人学习者的非正式学习所获得知识与技能转化为学分,促使更多在职成人回归学历教育,因为使先前学习评价逐渐成为世界各国成人教育领域与终身学习领域广泛采用的评价方式。本文从先前学习评价的概念入手,通过介绍汤姆逊大学开放学习部先前学习评价的实践经验,结合我国学分银行建设,从必要性、可行性以及可能遇到的挑战等方面,讨论在我国学分银行建设中应用先前学习评价,以便能够实现非正式学习和正式学习之间的沟通。     

学本评估在学习质量评估中的应用

学本评估由学习段评估、学习性评估和学习化评估形成完整的评估体系,基于"成果导向"和"学本论"的理念,促使来自教师的外部评价和学生自主评价相结合,切实促进学生提高学习质量,最终通过提高学生元认知实现终身学习的目标。在学本评估的研究和实践工作中,应保证学本评估的系统性,规避评估的"技术化",提供安全的、创新性的环境,尤其需要教师在教学实践中开展行动研究,关注评估中的各个环节。     

如何评价大学教育质量——美国大学校际学生学习成果评估项目解析

在美国教育评估专业机构进入群雄奋起的时代,"大学校际学生学习成果评估"项目独树一帜,为如何评价大学教育质量提供了新的视野。其主要特征在于:注重学生能力增值的比较性评估;关注学生批判性思维能力的学业表现评估;强调教师在评估和教学质量提升中的重要作用;充分利用计算机和网络技术的在线评估。"大学校际学生学习成果评估"项目的理念、方法与经验对于我国高等教育关注学生学习成果、科学评价大学教育质量、提升人才培养质量具有积极的借鉴意义。     

以促学为导向的高校混合学习评价研究

目前,混合学习已经成为国内高校广泛采用的学习模式。针对混合学习评价存在的弊端,借鉴"学本评估"理论,设计并实施了基于混合学习的"数据结构"课程教学实验,将学习评价贯穿于整个课程教学环节。通过实践研究表明,以"学本评估"理论为指导,结合在线课程学习平台,混合学习评价更为客观和科学,不仅能鉴定学生的学习成果,还能促进学生的学习能力提升,也得到了学生的广泛认同。     

《先前学习认定的理论与实践》出版 走近学习成果认定 认识终身学习价值

国家开放大学王迎教授的专著《先前学习认定的理论与实践》一书由中央广播电视大学出版社出版。本书是国内第一本全面梳理先前学习成果认定的著作,为我们提供了一幅构思缜密、色彩斑斓的先前学习认定全景图。《先前学习认定的理论与实践》一书在广泛汇集国际上非正规、非正式学习成果认定的实践活动,以及在深入分析国际上关于学分银行、学分积累与转换     

基于转化学习理论的成人高等教育发展策略探究

转化学习理论博采众长,形成了自己独特的理论体系。它对我国成人高等教育具有较强的适切性,有助于提高成人学生抓住机遇的能力、批判反思的能力、交流互动的能力和转化整合的能力。基于转化学习理论,成人高等教育发展应该采取以下策略:开展情境教学,培养成人学生的反思能力;扩大教育对象,加强弱势群体的转化教育;利用理性交谈,建立成人师生间的对话教学;明确教育目标,促进成人学生的整体发展。     

成人先前学习认定的理论探究及其反思

成人先前学习认定是当前国际社会推进终身学习的一项普遍策略之一。它旨在通过对非正规学习和非正式学习的结果认定,来激发并实现个体学习的连续性和终身性,在保障学习权利、贯通各类学习、提升工作能力、改善社会包容等方面都具有重要意义。本研究以文献和理论研究的方法,集中分析并反思了成人先前学习认定的概念内涵、理论基础和意义所在,目的是为其在我国终身学习政策与实践中的采用提供认知基础。     

成人先前学习认定的理论探究及其反思

成人先前学习认定是当前国际社会推进终身学习的一项普遍策略之一。它旨在通过对非正规学习和非正式学习的结果认定,来激发并实现个体学习的连续性和终身性,在保障学习权利、贯通各类学习、提升工作能力、改善社会包容等方面都具有重要意义。本研究以文献和理论研究的方法,集中分析并反思了成人先前学习认定的概念内涵、理论基础和意义所在,目的是为其在我国终身学习政策与实践中的采用提供认知基础。     

Governing through non/recognition: the missing ‘R’ in the PLAR for immigrant professionals in Canada and Sweden

Despite claims that prior learning assessment and recognition (PLAR) can act as a transformative social mechanism and a means of social inclusion, this study reports that PLAR has become a serious barrier to adult learning rather than a facilitator. Drawing from Foucault’s concept of governmentality, the study examines the difficulties that immigrant professionals have experienced in having their foreign credentials and work experience recognized in the contexts of Canada and Sweden. Using document analysis and interviews, the study analyses how PLAR has created a system of governing through technologies of power and technologies of the self which work as dividing practices in discounting and devaluating immigrants’ prior learning and work experience. The study concludes that PLAR has become a technical exercise and a governing tool rather than a form of social transformation.     

The Neighbourhood House: site of struggle,site of learning

Adult education research has tended to concentrate on the pragmatics of facilitating learning and developing educational programmes in institutionalised settings. Critical, contextual analysis of adult learning, and studies of informal learning, are both relatively neglected in the adult education literature. Applying concepts drawn from contestation theory to data from two Australian women's learning centres, this paper suggests that, while women gain considerable knowledge from adult education courses conducted in community centres, the informal, incidental or embedded learning that takes place as women participate in these centres is also very significant. This experiential learning enables women to make sense of and act on their environment, and to come to understand themselves as knowledge‐creating, acting being. It appears that much of this informal learning is generated by conflict between people within the centres.     

Lifewide learning in the city: novel big data approaches to exploring learning with large-scale surveys,GPS, and social media

ABSTRACT

Despite UNESCO’s Learning Cities agenda, which argues for the mobilisation of resources to promote education across all sectors and environments, there is little evaluative research on Learning City engagement which is both naturalistic and empirically rigorous. The research on informal adult learning in urban contexts is particularly sparse. This paper provides a case study of informal learning and lifewide literacies amongst Glaswegian adults using three distinct approaches to data collection: a household survey capturing rich data on learning attitudes, behaviours, and literacies; GPS trails that track mobility around the city; and the capture of naturally occurring social media. The work operationalises Learning City indicators, and explores domains beyond education, some of which have not previously been considered in surveys of adult learning, for example, physical mobilities and transportation patterns. We use theoretical concepts of social identity and capital to situate inclusion within explanatory frameworks of marginalisation in less tangible domains of informal learning using multi-stranded data. A triangulated analysis of city-wide participation in lifewide learning reveals a demographic picture of groups marginalised from learning opportunities and practices. We conclude with a call for new approaches to exploring learning participation which offer novel methods to evidence informal learning and lifewide literacies.     

University Educators’ Perceptions of Informal Learning and the Ways in which they Foster it

Little research has been conducted in higher education settings that focuses on how tertiary educators understand informal learning or on their role in fostering students’ informal learning to facilitate formal learning. In this article we partially fill this knowledge gap by reporting findings from a case study exploring how 30 New Zealand tertiary educators from one university conceptualised informal learning and the strategies they implemented to support students’ informal learning as an enhancement to formal learning.     

Relationships among informal learning environments,teaching procedures and scientific reasoning ability

Informal learning experiences have risen to the forefront of science education as being beneficial to students' learning. However, it is not clear in what ways such experiences may be beneficial to students; nor how informal learning experiences may interface with classroom science instruction. This study aims to acquire a better understanding of these issues by investigating one aspect of science learning, scientific reasoning ability, with respect to the students' informal learning experiences and classroom science instruction. Specifically, the purpose of this study was to investigate possible differences in students' scientific reasoning abilities relative to their informal learning environments (impoverished, enriched), classroom teaching experiences (non-inquiry, inquiry) and the interaction of these variables. The results of two-way ANOVAs indicated that informal learning environments and classroom science teaching procedures showed significant main effects on students' scientific reasoning abilities. Students with enriched informal learning environments had significantly higher scientific reasoning abilities compared to those with impoverished informal learning environments. Likewise, students in inquirybased science classrooms showed higher scientific reasoning abilities compared to those in non-inquiry science classrooms. There were no significant interaction effects. These results indicate the need for increased emphases on both informal learning opportunities and inquiry-based instruction in science.     

注重社会影响 规范多元化高等教育收费行为

自上世纪8O年代末期,我国为建立社会主义市场经济体制,提升了高等教育的战略地位,加快了高等教育多元化建设的步伐.随着多元化高等教育新格局的发展,高等教育的收费问题作为社会热点问题受到人们的极大关注.高等教育的根本属性,是社会的公益事业,应该从思想上不断提高认识水平,把高等教育的收费问题作为落实"三个代表"重要思想的大事来看待,以维护最广大人民的根本利益为出发点和落脚点,进一步规范高等学校的收费行为,以保证我国科教兴国战略和可持续发展战略的实施.     

Examination as the method in the recognition of prior language learning

ABSTRACT

Recognition of prior learning (RPL) is a principle in education to acknowledge and validate learning acquired during and throughout an individual’s lifetime. Formal, non-formal and informal learning can be assessed, recognised and accredited for various purposes in an individual’s education or professional life. The methods of assessing prior learning vary across educational levels but examinations and portfolios are the most common methods in European higher education. This study investigated how Finnish university students perceived and RPL examination as the method of recognising their non-formal and informal learning of English for academic purposes. During a three-year period data were collected with a questionnaire and interview from RPL participants studying Business and Economics, and with an electronic survey with non-participant students from the same degree programme. The findings indicate that Finnish university students in both groups preferred the examination as the RPL method for non-formal and informal learning of academic English, and some RPL participants were critical of the option of a portfolio for the assessment of prior language learning. This can be seen to emphasise the use of similar assessment methods in both the RPL assessment and the equivalent formal learning instruction.     

East Meets West in Shanghai：But Is There a Learning Society on the Road to Cathay？

Lifelong education was developed in Europe in the 1970's. A learning society arises when principles of adult education are properly deployed. Vertical integration concerns learning throughout the lifespan. Horizontal integration requires education to occur in informal and nonformal as well as familiar formal settings. Democratization demands the dismantling of barriers that impede access to education and involvement of learners in the design and management of their own education. Chinese citizens have always learned from a broad array (of not just educational settings). The initiative to build 61 "learning cities"demonstrates a genius for adapting western ideas. China has already transcended some limitations of European ideas about lifelong education. However, because of ageism, the obsession with formal education and need to navigate within the contours of the party-state, building a learning society faces special challenges. In China, as elsewhere, universities are not leading these initiatives. They need to become more flexible and open.     

Second-generation non-formal education and the sustainable development goals: operationalising the SDGs through community learning centres

ABSTRACT

This paper argues that Non-formal Education (NFE) has seen a remarkable revival of interest across both developing countries and the more highly developed countries. Among the factors causing this revival is the search for alternative educations to meet the needs of different groups in society. But in the process, NFE has been relocated – not so much as ‘outside’ formal educational institutions but as a different kind of learning programme within a continuum of lifelong learning covering formal, non-formal and informal learning. It argues that the adult learning targets contained in every one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) cannot be met by formal learning programmes alone and require a much expanded non-formal education programme. To deliver this, the paper suggests that the current movement for community learning centres (CLCs) can provide a base for operationalising NFE for the SDGs. It takes a case study, the Folk Development Colleges of Tanzania, as an example of the kind of national system for NFE which can be built. It ends by looking at current redefinitions of NFE and at where such an NFE system might fit into the governmental architecture of educational planning.