语音隐喻之我见

Ivan Fonagy（1999）首次提出了“语音隐喻”的说法，是从语音的发音方式和其所表意义的角度进行说明的，并来给出确切的定义。本文主要从理论方面透析归纳语音隐喻的定义，并通过几种突出的表现形式（分类）进一步加深对语音隐喻的理解。     

英语语音矫正方法、学习者英语水平对英语专业学习者语音成绩影响的研究

通过实验,研究了英语语音矫正方法、学习者英语水平对英语专业学习者英语语音成绩的影响程度。研究以新疆某大学2007级英语专业新生为对象,通过实验,研究了两个因素变量,即英语语音矫正方法及学习者英语水平,对因变量,学习者语音成绩的影响程度,采用GLM2×3方差分析法,研究了英语语音矫正方法两个水平和学习者英语水平三个水平对学习者语音成绩的主效应及两个因素变量在不同水平的交互效应。研究发现：1）英语语音矫正方法的主效应显著,F=7.437,P〈05;2〉学习者英语水平的主效应显著,F=3.617,P〈01;3）矫正方法和学习者英语水平的交互作用显著F=10.801,P〈05。     

矢量量化和压缩编码技术在语音信号中的应用

矢量量化技术作为一种有损压缩编码技术在语音信号的存储和低码率传输过程中起到了巨大的推动作用,语音信号矢量量化算法设计的编码采用matlab编程实现,并利用LBG算法对初始码本进行优化,通过设置不同的码本长度和码字长度,比较得出各参数对压缩结果的影响,并用得出的码本对其他语音信号进行量化编码,观察量化效果。     

聋人文字加工中语音编码作用的研究综述

针对聋人文字加工中语音编码作用的问题 ,本文对相关中英文的研究资料进行了综述 ,对证明聋人文字加工中存在语音编码和其他编码的实验分别进行了介绍 ,并对影响语音编码的相关因素进行了探讨。     

国外有关聋生语音编码的研究

本文回顾了国外有关聋生语音编码的研究 ,发现结论不尽一致。有研究表明聋生阅读存在语音编码 ,但也有不少研究证实聋生不存在语音编码。笔者对导致分歧结论的原因作了分析 ,在此基础上 ,提出了聋生语音编码的未来研究趋向     

同音异义词或同形异义词在英文中的巧妙运用

语言是社会现象,是文化载体,同时又是文化的一个重要组成部分。词汇是语言的三要素之一。本文主要论述了同音异义词或同形异义词在英文中的巧妙运用。旨在说明了解英语双关语的用法对中国学生更好地掌握词义、鉴赏名著、提高学习兴趣起着不可低估的作用。     

英语中的同音异义词

英语的拼写和发音之间的关系非常复杂。一个字母可以有不同的读音,而一个音素又可以有几种拼写方法,这种现象造成了英语的拼写困难。而     

浅议语音教学在英语教学中的重要作用

作为英语教学的重要环节之一,语音教学历来都没有被真正重视过.本文通过对语音教学在英语教学中的地位及其对英语学习者英语水平的影响的分析,旨在唤起各个方面对英语教学的实际重视,进一步推动英语教学.     

浅析双重编码理论在英语阅读理解过程中的作用及启示

本文试图将Paivio的双重编码理论所提出的言语系统和非言语系统有机地结合起来使得两系统中的言语码和表象码的加工充分激活,从而使学生在阅读过程中,能够将语言信息和意象信息相结合,共同促进阅读理解和记忆,使该理论在阅读教学过程中发挥着更大的积极作用。     

汉语语音在英语语音学习中的双重作用

本文对汉语语音在英语语音学习中的双重作用进行了探讨.     

Lexical and Sublexical Phonological Effects in Chinese Silent and Oral Reading

ABSTRACT

What is the time course of activation of phonological information in logographic writing systems like Chinese, in which meaning is prioritized over sound? We used a manipulation of phonological regularity to examine foveal and parafoveal phonological processing of Chinese phonograms at lexical and sublexical levels during Chinese sentence reading in 2 eye-tracking experiments. In Experiment 1, using an error disruption task during silent reading, we observed foveal lexical phonological activation in second-pass reading. In Experiment 2, using the boundary paradigm, both parafoveal lexical and sublexical phonological preview benefits were found in first-fixation duration in oral reading, whereas only lexical phonological benefits were found in gaze duration during silent reading. Thus, phonological information had earlier and more pronounced parafoveal effects in oral reading, and these extended to sublexical processing. These results are compatible with the view that oral reading prioritizes parafoveal phonological processing in Chinese.     

Differences in Phonological Recoding in German- and English-Speaking Children

Orthographic consistency in different languages is likely to have an effect on phonological recoding skills, which are basic to the acquisition of reading. To explore this issue, we investigated word and nonword reading in German- and English-speaking 7- to 12-year-old children. Comparability of the stimuli across the 2 languages was strictly controlled: The German and English words used were common to both languages. Nonwords were derived by exchanging consonantal onsets between short words and by recombining syllables in long words. An identical set of CVCVCV nonwords was also presented to both language groups. At ages 7, 8, and 9, English-speaking children made a higher proportion of errors than their German-speaking peers when reading nonwords and words of low frequency. This was the case even when word-recognition ability was equated between the 2 language groups. By age 12, both groups had equally fast nonword-recognition latencies, but English-speaking readers were still less accurate when recoding long and complex nonwords. Only the younger English-speaking readers made substantial numbers of errors with CVCVCV nonwords. Vowels, which are the most inconsistent feature of English orthography, were often mispronounced in English but hardly ever in German, where they are consistent. Word-substitution errors occurred more frequently in English than in German. We suggest that low orthographic consistency, as in English, necessitates the use of complex and error-prone strategies in phonological recoding, whereas high consistency, as in German, allows phonological recoding into syllables on-line. This makes the teaching of phonological recoding relatively straightforward and allows the acquisition of basic reading skills to proceed at a faster pace. Differences in the teaching of reading might in turn contribute to differences in recoding skills.     

The Relationship between Phonological Awareness and Early Reading for First Grade Korean Language Learners with Reading Difficulties

This study investigated the differences in four components of phonological awareness (i.e., judgment, deletion, blending, and substitution) and early reading ability across reading levels, and the correlation between phonological awareness (PA) and early reading ability in low and average-achievement groups. 27 students with reading difficulties and 34 students with average reading abilities participated in the study, and all participants were native Korean students in Grade One. The results indicated significant differences between low-achievement and averageachievement groups in PA and early reading measures, which revealed features of Korean phonology as different from English. Furthermore, phonological awareness showed significant positive correlation with both word identification and reading fluency for the low and average-achievement groups. For the low-achievement group, the correlation between phonological awareness and reading fluency was higher than between phonological awareness and word identification.     

Do Phonological and Executive Processes in English Learners at Risk for Reading Disabilities in Grade 1 Predict Performance in Grade 2?

This study determined the degree to which the phonological and executive components of memory reflect language‐specific capacities in reading achievement. We tested whether the memory processes in a sample of English‐language learners that played a major role in predicting second‐language acquisition and risk for reading disability (RD) in Grade 1 (Swanson, Sáez, Gerber, & Leafstedt, 2004) also predicted reading performance in Grade 2. The present results showed that Spanish short‐term memory (STM) performance in Grade 1 predicted basic Spanish‐reading skills and Spanish comprehension in Grade 2, whereas Grade 1 English STM performance predicted English vocabulary and English comprehension in Grade 2. More importantly, children at risk for RD in Grade 1 differed from the counterparts in Grade 2 on both English and Spanish measures of reading, whereas their memory deficits were isolated to Spanish STM and working memory (WM). The relationship between language‐specific processes in memory and reading are discussed.     

Effects of Cognitive and Metacognitive Pre‐reading Activities on the Reading Comprehension of ESL Learners

Pre‐reading activities such as title discussion and vocabulary training have been shown to be effective in decreasing oral reading errors and increasing reading rate and comprehension across a range of reading levels. Experiment 1 in this paper examines the effects of these cognitive activities in combination on the reading comprehension of three adult ESL emergent readers. Experiment 2 explores the relative effects of this procedure, and a metacognitive strategy for presenting these pre‐reading techniques, on the comprehension levels of five adult ESL learners. Single subject research designs were employed in both studies. Results of both studies indicate that the cognitive strategy was effective in raising comprehension levels. However, in Experiment 2, the metacognitive instructional strategy, while similarly effective in raising comprehension levels, was also associated with enhanced maintenance in a subsequent non‐treatment phase. Implications of these findings for instructional practice with ELS learners, both proficient and novice first language readers, are considered.     

影响留学生语音意识发展的因素

在西方心理语言学和教育心理学界,语音意识是一个非常活跃的领域,为此人们在不同理论观点的引导下,实施了不少有意义的研究。文章正是在以往研究的基础上具体探讨了影响学习者的汉语语音意识的因素。文章发现,母语差异和汉语水平高低是影响学习者汉语语音意识发展的主要因素,并且这两个因素间存在着显著的交互作用,主要表现为汉语水平低的学习者受母语差异影响小,而汉语水平高的学习者受母语差异影响显著。此外,通过对语音意识作业的详细分析,文章还发现学习者的汉语音位意识发展较早,这一点不同于汉语儿童的语音意识发展顺序。     

Computer-Adaptive Testing of ESL Reading Proficiency

With the advent of modern computer technology,there have been growing efforts in recent years to computerize standardized tests,including the popular Graduate Record Examination(GRE),the Graduate Management Admission Test(GMAT) and the Test of English as a Foreign Language(TOEFL).Many of such computer-based tests are known as the computerized adaptive tests,whose major feature is that,depending on their performance in the course of testing,different examinees may be given with different sets of items(questions).In doing so,items can be efficiently utilized to realize maximum accuracy for estimation of examinee’s ability. In this short paper we will introduce briefly the computer-adaptive test(CAT).The application of CAT to the assessment of reading comprehension in a second language will also be illustrated in this paper.The advantages and disadvantages will be analyzed,based on which some recommendations will be given for future study.     

Orthographic and Phonological Processes in Reading

Investigations of reading have focussed largely on two component processes, phonological processing and orthographic processing. However, a number of unresolved issues have hampered progress in the investigation of these abilities. Three such issues that formed the focus of the present study were (1) the extent to which tasks used to operationalise orthographic processing measure the same construct, (2) the extent to which tasks from a range of phonological processing domains measure the same construct, and (3) the degree to which orthographic processing tasks reflect orthographic processes independent of extraneous phonological operations, and conversely, phonological processing tasks measure phonological processes independent of orthographic processes. To address these questions, a variety of tasks used to evaluate orthographic processing (orthographic verification, homophone verification, nonlexical choice, irregular word reading, irregular word spelling), phonological processing (phoneme deletion, phonological choice, nonword reading, nonword spelling) and related domains (e.g., word identification, IQ) were administered to 177 children from Grades 3, 4 and 5. Factor analysis conducted using accuracy data revealed that orthographic processing tasks congregate along a single factor, while phonological processing tasks congregate along another, separate factor, viewed as evidence for the construct validity of orthographic processing and phonological processing, respectively. When response-time data were analysed, these same tasks did not differentiate on the basis of their orthographic and phonological demands, but rather in terms of their more general task demands. Additionally, results reveal that some phonological processing and orthographic processing tasks measure their respective construct with a greater degree of purity than do others. It is recommended that these tasks be used in future research.