如何提高聋生素描教学质量

素描作为其中的一门课程有着举足轻重的地位。它可以帮助学生了解客观物象的自然形态和结构,提高造型能力和艺术修养。本文从聋人的生理结构、心理特点、教学环境、师资配备及教学方法等方面对如何提高聋人基础课教学质量提出了一些设想。     

Knowledge and Kinesiology

Epistemology, or ways of knowing, can be used (a) to show that kinesiology employs different but complementary methods for gaining knowledge and that each method has a role to play in kinesiology, and (b) to show how epistemology can be used to organize an introductory kinesiology course or textbook. The epistemologies used to organize the subdisciplines are rationalism, empiricism, science, and subjectivism. An epistemic approach to a foundations course or textbook allows one to answer questions in the subdisciplines regarding how knowledge is evaluated, how knowledge develops, what method should be used to develop knowledge, and how knowledge can best be taught. The goal is to enable students to understand an increasingly diverse field by literally charting how methods of knowledge creation relate to the subdisciplines that compose kinesiology.     

案例教学法在模拟电子技术入门教学中的应用与探索

模拟电子技术课程是一门理论性、实践性和抽象性很强的课程,学生普遍感觉入门较难。采用案例教学法变抽象为表象,变枯燥为有趣。以二极管温度特性为例,介绍案例教学法在模拟电子技术入门章节抽象特性教学中‘的应用。     

University Students’ Conceptualization and Interpretation of Topographic Maps

This study investigates the strategies and assumptions that college students entering an introductory physical geology laboratory use to interpret topographic maps, and follows the progress of the students during the laboratory to analyze changes in those strategies and assumptions. To elicit students’ strategies and assumptions, we created and refined a topographic visualization test that was administered before and after instruction to 26 students during the first semester of the study and to 92 students during the second semester. To more deeply understand how students think about and conceptualize topographic maps, we focused on eight individual students who were interviewed about their pretest and posttest answers as well as videotaped during three laboratory sessions. We found that even students who claim never to have worked with topographic maps often perform impressively on their pretests by making useful assumptions about symbolic topographic information. Some students, however, begin with less productive assumptions that may be unfamiliar to some instructors (e.g., thinking that the spacing of contour lines indicates elevation instead of slope). Initial success should not be misinterpreted, however, as an integrated understanding of topographic maps. Only in posttest interviews do most students express explanations integrating multiple normative assumptions. In addition to highlighting the strategies and assumptions that college students use to interpret topographic maps, we outline the implications of these findings for the design of learning objectives, curricular activities, and assessments for topographic lessons in introductory college geology courses and the training of future geoscientists.     

Using camels to teach probability and expected value

There is much debate about the place of probability in an introductory statistics course. While students may or may not use probability distributions in their post‐collegiate lives, they will likely be faced with day‐to‐day decisions that require a probabilistic assessment of risk and reward. This paper describes an innovative way to teach students in an introductory statistics course how to reason about probability and expected value through the board game Camel Up. The in‐class activities described here can be scaled to fit the needs and abilities of the students in a wide range of introductory statistics courses at a variety of levels.     

Problem solving strategies and mathematical resources: A longitudinal view on problem solving in a function based approach to algebra

This study is an attempt to analyze students' construction of function based problem solving methods in introductory algebra. It claims that for functions to be a main concept for learning school algebra, a complex process that has to be developed during a long period of learning must take place. The article describes a longitudinal observation of a pair of students that studied algebra for 3 years using a function approach, including intensive use of graphing technology. Such a long observation is difficult to carry out and even more difficult to report. We watched for three years classrooms using the ‘Visual-Math’ sequence, and sampled students that exhibited various levels of mathematics achievement. The analysis method presented here is a non-standard case study of a pair of lower achievers students and their work is often juxtaposed to the work of other pairs participating in the study. The students' attempts to solve a linear break-even problem is analyzed along three interviews which present the development of the use of mathematical resources and the patterns of problem solving at different learning phases. Beyond describing solving attempts, the article offers terms for describing and explaining what and how do learners appreciate and make out of solving introductory school algebra problems over a three years course. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Teaching Introductory Measurement: Suggestions for What to Include and How to Motivate Students

In this article, we discuss the importance of measurement literacy and some issues encountered in teaching introductory measurement courses. We present results from a survey of introductory measurement instructors, including information about the topics included in such courses and the amount of time spent on each. Topics that were included by the largest percentages of respondents were: validity, reliability, item analysis, item development, norms, standardized scores, classical test theory, instrument interpretation, and the history of testing, each of which was covered by at least 50% of respondents. Respondents were also asked the number of class sessions spent on each topic, and were asked to rate the importance of each. Responses to these questions closely paralleled those regarding the percentages of respondents who included these topics in their courses. We also report suggestions for class activities, arguing that those teaching introductory measurement courses should emphasize the relevance of measurement concepts to students’ lives and future careers. To this end, we provide suggestions for activities that might help to accomplish this goal.     

英语词汇教学中的联想策略

联想是一种语言学习策略。文章例举了一个联想策略培训课程的开展情况,具体地从联想策略的有效性、如何去联想、如何利用联想策略教学三方面探讨了这一策略在英语词汇教学中的应用。单个词汇可以从词的音、形、义去联想,两个以上的单词可以通过相邻法、相似法、相对法进行联想。联想策略的教学可以融入平时教学中,也可以开设培训课程、讲座等,从而让学生经常使用联想法把枯燥的词汇学习变成新的愉悦体验。     

计算机导论教学技巧

在计算机导论教学过程中,结合不同层次的学生,针对不同的专业,认真教学,仔细研究计算机导论教学过程中的方法和技巧,在不断的探索中改进和总结出了一些教学过程中的经验和方法。     

Reflective journals: making constructive use of the “apprenticeship of observation” in preservice teacher education

Many scholars have characterized the “apprenticeship of observation” as a “pitfall” to be avoided or a barrier to be overcome in preservice teacher education, but directly challenging students’ experience-based beliefs often leads to resistance, making students feel discounted or disrespected. In my introductory educational psychology course, students write biweekly journals reflecting on their own lived experiences in light of course concepts and ideas. These reflections are then shared in a variety of ways, serving as a vital context for further investigation and discussion of how these concepts and ideas translate into the classroom. In this paper, I share typical journal questions and excerpts from the responses of two recent classes to show how students can engage journal questions at differing levels; how even the experiences of my mostly privileged and successful students have at some points echoed, and thus can illuminate, the struggles of the less privileged, the rebellious, and the failed students who most need good teaching; and how students’ own shared reflections can be used nonthreateningly to help them confront their unconsidered assumptions about teaching and learning. Finally, I discuss choice, respect, and agency as three essential conditions for effective use of student journals in preservice teacher education.     

Providing ability to probability: Reducing cognitive load through worked‐out examples

Undergraduate students tend to struggle with probability in their introductory statistics course. Probability problem solving requires several steps. First, students must make sense of the probability scenario, then determine the appropriate probability rules, and finally, execute the procedures to solve the problem. With no previous exposure to probability, this presents too great a cognitive load for many students. Using worked‐out problems then transitioning to partially worked‐out problems in an introductory statistics course at a large university helped students succeed at solving probability problems. The worked‐out problems included writing prompts to encourage self‐explanation of students' thinking through studying the worked‐out examples. This paper explains the use of these instructional principles and their implementation in an introductory statistics course for non‐STEM majors, resulting in higher student achievement and understanding.     

The Role of the College Librarian

Museum exhibits can be a tool in experiential learning. While instructors have documented various methods of experiential learning, they have not sufficiently explored such learning from museum exhibits. Museum researchers, however, have long found a satisfying cognitive component to museum visits. This paper narrates the author's design to capture the cognitive experience at museums through integrating two Smithsonian exhibits with introductory Microeconomics and Macroeconomics classes in a two-year college. Cognitive gains made by students during the structured museum visit were reinforced with appropriate readings and assignments. The teaching method outlined is a significant addition to an experiential economist's toolkit. This method, however, can be used in any discipline. Apart from introducing students to a resource for lifelong learning, the inclusion of museum exhibits to academic teaching allows instructors to move away from chalk and talk, increase student engagement, increase content-relevance, provide in-depth coverage of certain areas and improve proficiencies. In a nutshell, the use of museum exhibits improves the overall quality of a course.     

Using real data for statistics education in an open‐source learning environment

The tutor‐web is an open‐source learning environment designed to be used for teaching mathematics and statistics. The system offers thousands of exercises at high school and university level, and has been used for a decade to teach introductory statistics courses with good results. A new component has recently been added to the tutor‐web so that students can enter their own data or get real data from several data sources for practicing and learning new concepts.     

Exploring a complex gender wage gap dataset: an introductory activity in identifying issues and data visualization

In this paper, we provide instructors with an approach for a classroom activity for students in an introductory data science or statistics course who have little or no statistical programming experience. We designed this activity to help students improve their statistical literacy while exploring a social justice problem-the gender wage gap. To minimize the challenges of developing statistical literacy in students who lack programming skills, we developed a web-based data visualization application that does not require users to have any prior programming knowledge. The data in this visualization application comes from the March 2018 Current Population Uniform Extracts detailed by the Center for Economic Policy Research. Students can use the visualization application to create tables and plots to explore data on factors such as earnings and gender. Instructors can also use the application for other wage-related variables, such as race, occupation and family size.     

大学物理分层次教学的探索与实践

文章分析了大学物理分层次教学的主要思想,研究了按照专业集中授课模式条件下如何更好地满足不同专业学生对物理学的不同层次的学习需求,探索出了在中国现实教育环境下实施分层次教学的一种有效方法--四步教学法。经实践检验证实了该方法能更好地激发学生的学习兴趣,以及更加注重知识应用和技能培养。     

Menus for toddlers in Day Care: Part I

In this and the next three issues of Day Care and Early Education,we will provide a total of four weeks' worth of menus for toddlers. Some findings of the Living Environments Group at the University of Kansas were described in the last issue (“Facts and Fancies about Children's Foods,” by Marion O'Brien). This installment's introductory section explains how the menus were developed and how the recipes can be used. Additional advice and information will be included with the future sections. Tood R. Risley is Professor of Human Development and Director of the Living Environments Group at the University of Kansas. Emily Herbert-Jackson managed the nutrition research project described here in her capacity as Research Associate in the Bureau of Child Research at the University of Kansas. She is now associated with Children's Behavioral Services, Reno, Nevada. Marion O'Brien is a writer for the Living Environments Group. The authors wish especially to thank Kathy Erwin for her contribution to the development of these menus, as well as all the staff and children at the Toddler Center.     

面向国防教育的光纤传感课程的教学设计

光纤传感课程是光学工程科学研究领域的入门课程。在线教育在疫情下凸显了其无可替代的重要性,可以作为本课程的辅助教学组成部分。利用丰富的网络资源和更多的受众群体反馈来弥补传统课堂教学理论教学的不足,可以有效激发学生的学生兴趣,也能让学生更好的掌握所学知识。针对面向国防领域的应用,从教学内容与教学方法两方面进行了详细的教学内容设计,使光纤传感课程的学习更加合理。此外,针对国防教育的特点,课程设计中也加入了相关课程思政内容,让学生们更直观地理解所学内容,激发学生们的爱国热情,能够在投入社会以后更加踏实工作,报效祖国。     

Is It the Intervention or the Students? Using Linear Regression to Control for Student Characteristics in Undergraduate STEM Education Research

Although researchers in undergraduate science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education are currently using several methods to analyze learning gains from pre- and posttest data, the most commonly used approaches have significant shortcomings. Chief among these is the inability to distinguish whether differences in learning gains are due to the effect of an instructional intervention or to differences in student characteristics when students cannot be assigned to control and treatment groups at random. Using pre- and posttest scores from an introductory biology course, we illustrate how the methods currently in wide use can lead to erroneous conclusions, and how multiple linear regression offers an effective framework for distinguishing the impact of an instructional intervention from the impact of student characteristics on test score gains. In general, we recommend that researchers always use student-level regression models that control for possible differences in student ability and preparation to estimate the effect of any nonrandomized instructional intervention on student performance.     

The Use of Film in Marriage and Family Counselor Education

The authors introduce an innovative technique that can be included in marriage and family counselor education curricula. Feature films are discussed as an educational technique for the instruction and development of perceptual, conceptual, and executive counseling skills. They also outline the advantages for using film in counselor education, present various strategies for using them in the classroom, and offer examples of how they have integrated movies into introductory marriage and family courses.